• 제목/요약/키워드: Energy Ratio Factor

검색결과 550건 처리시간 0.026초

Modified p-y curves to characterize the lateral behavior of helical piles

  • Hyeong-Joo, Kim;James Vincent, Reyes;Peter Rey, Dinoy;Tae-Woong, Park;Hyeong-Soo, Kim;Jun-Young, Kim
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제31권5호
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    • pp.505-518
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    • 2022
  • This study introduces soil resistance multipliers at locations encompassed by the zone of influence of the helix plate to consider the added lateral resistance provided to the helical pile. The zone of influence of a helix plate is a function of its diameter and serves as a boundary condition for the modified soil resistance springs. The concept is based on implementing p-multipliers as a reduction factor for piles in group action. The application of modified p-y springs in the analysis of helical piles allows for better characterization and understanding of the lateral behavior of helical piles, which will help further the development of design methods. To execute the proposed method, a finite difference program, HPCap (Helical Pile Capacity), was developed by the authors using Matlab. The program computes the deflection, shear force, bending moment, and soil resistance of the helical pile and allows the user to freely input the value of the zone of influence and Ω (a coefficient that affects the value of the p-multiplier). Results from ten full-scale lateral load tests on helical piles embedded at depths of 3.0 m with varying shaft diameters, shaft thicknesses, and helix configurations were analyzed to determine the zone of influence and the magnitude of the p-multipliers. The analysis determined that the value of the p-multipliers is influenced by the ratio between the pile embedment length and the shaft diameter (Dp), the effective helix diameter (Dh-Dp), and the zone of influence. Furthermore, the zone of influence is recommended to be 1.75 times the helix diameter (Dh). Using the numerical analysis method presented in this study, the predicted deflections of the various helical pile cases showed good agreement with the observed field test results.

Analysis of axial compression performance of BFRRAC-filled square steel tubular column

  • Xianggang Zhang;Jixiang Niu;Wenlong Shen;Dapeng Deng;Yajun Huang
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • 제49권4호
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    • pp.457-471
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    • 2023
  • To make up for the performance weaknesses of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), expand the application range of RAC, and alleviate the environmental problems caused by excessive exploitation of natural coarse aggregates (NCA), this study proposes a basalt fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (BFRRAC)-filled square steel tubular columns that combines two modification methods of steel tube and fiber, which may greatly enhance the mechanical properties of RAC. The axial compression performance for BFRRAC-filled square steel tubular columns was reported during this study. Seven specimens with different replacement ratios of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), length-diameter ratios, along with basalt fiber (BF) contents were designed as well as fabricated for performing axial compression test. For each specimen, the whole failure process as well as mode of specimen were discovered, subsequently the load-axial displacement curve has obtained, after which the mechanical properties was explained. A finite element analysis model for specimens under axial compression was then established. Subsequently, based on this model, the factors affecting axial compression performance for BFRRAC-filled square steel tubes were extended and analyzed, after which the corresponding design suggestion was proposed. The results show that in the columns with length-diameter ratios of 5 and 8, bulging failure was presented, and the RAC was severely crushed at the bulging area of the specimen. The replacement ratio of RCA as well as BF content little affected specimen's peak load (less than 5%). As the content of BF enhanced from 0 kg/m3 to 4 kg/m3, the dissipation factor and ductility coefficients increased by 10.2% and 5.6%, respectively, with a wide range.

감마카메라의 Sensitivity 보정 Factor에 관한 연구 - 전신 뼈 영상을 중심으로 - (The Correction Factor of Sensitivity in Gamma Camera - Based on Whole Body Bone Scan Image -)

  • 정은미;정우영;류재광;김동석
    • 핵의학기술
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.208-213
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    • 2008
  • 목적 : 전신 뼈 검사는 핵의학 에서 가장 많이 수행하는 대표적인 검사로서 서울아산병원 핵의학과에서는 다양한 감마 카메라(Philips BRIGHTVIEW, PRECEDENCE, Siemens - ECAM, ECAM signature, ECAM Plus, SYMBIA T2, GE - INFINIA)를 사용하여 검사를 시행하고 있다. 그러나 각각의 감마카메라는 같은 검사를 수행할지라도 여러 요인에 의해서로 다른 민감도를 가지며, 이는 전신 뼈 검사의 추적검사에 있어 진단의 일관성을 저해하는 요인이 되기도 한다. 따라서 전신 뼈 검사 시 주사 후 검사시간, 수분섭취량, 신진 대사 정도 등의 통제 불가능한 인자들은 제외하고 최소한의 통제 할 수 있는 감마카메라 그 자체의 민감도 보정을 목적으로, 본 연구에서는 각각의 감마카메라의 민감도를 측정하여 전신 뼈검사를 추적 검사(follow-up)로 시행하였을 경우 보정할 수 있는 합리적인 보정계수 산출에 대한 연구를 하였다. 실험재료 및 방법 : 각 감마카메라의 민감도 측정은 IAEA에서 권고하는 면 선원 민감도 측정 방법에 따라 BRIGHT-VIEW, PRECEDENCE, ECAM, ECAM signature, ECAM Plus, SYMBIA T2, INFINIA의 감마카메라 7대를 분석하였다. 민감도 측정을 위한 $^{99m}Tc$ 면 선원은 전신 뼈 검사에 일반적인 계수율인 4~7 Kcps를 기준으로 제작하였다. 모든 감마카메라는 저 에너지 고 분해능용 평행다중구멍 조준기 (Low Energy High Resolution multi parallel Collimator)를 장착하였고, 15%의 Window Width, 140-keV photopeak로 설정하였다. $^{99m}Tc$ 면 선원을 조준기에 최대한 밀착시킨 후 60초, 120초 동안 계수를 측정하여 보정계수를 산출하였다. $^{99m}Tc$ 면 선원으로 산출한 보정계수를 실제 환자 전신 뼈 검사에 적용시킬 수 있는지 확인하기 위하여 27명의 환자를 대상으로 전신 뼈 검사를 수행하고 보정계수를 적용 후 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : $^{99m}Tc$ 면 선원을 이용하여 실험한 결과, 각 감마카메라의 민감도는 ECAM plus가 가장 높았으며 ECAM signature, SYMBIA T2, ECAM, BRIGHTVIEW, INFINIA, PRECEDENCE 감마카메라 순으로 관찰되었다. 이를 기초로 하여 상대적으로 중간 정도의 민감도를 갖는 ECAM 감마카메라를 기준으로 보정계수를 산출했을 때 각각 1.07, 1.05, 1.03, 1.00, 0.90, 0.83, 0.72로 분석되었다. $^{99m}Tc$ 면 선원의 실험을 통해 산출한 보정계수와 전신 뼈 검사로 산출된 보정계수의 차이를 분석하였을 때 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 결론 : 암환자의 골 전이 진단에 있어 전신 뼈 검사는 예민도가 높고 비침습적이며 비교적 쉽게 시행할 수 있는 장점이 있어 추적검사로 널리 이용되고 있다. 그러나 추적 검사로 전신 뼈 검사를 시행할 경우 연속적으로 동일한 감마카메라만을 사용하는 것은 여건상 불가능하며, 동일한 감마카메라를 사용한다 하더라도 시간의 경과에 따른 장비의 효율에 변화를 고려하지 않을 수 없다. 따라서 서로 다른 감마카메라를 대상으로 산출된 민감도 보정계수의 임상적 적용은 정기적으로 전신 뼈 검사를 받는 환자의 진단에 일관성을 더 해 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

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4,7-Di-thiophen-2-yl-benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole을 기본으로 한 고분자의 합성 및 광전변환 특성 (Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of Low Band Gap π-Cojugated Polymer Based on 4,7-Di-thiophen-2-yl-benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole)

  • 신웅;유혜리;박정배;박상준;정미선;문명준;김주현
    • 공업화학
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.137-141
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    • 2010
  • 4,7-Di-thiophen-2-yl-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole과 1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,5-divinylbenzene을 Heck coupling 중합법을 이용하여 poly[4,7-Di-thiophen-2-yl-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole]-alt-1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,5-divinylbenzene (PPVTBT) 공중합체를 합성하였다. 합성한 PPVTBT의 최대흡수파장과 band gap은 각각 550 nm와 1.74 eV이고 HOMO와 LUMO enegry level은 각각 -5.24 eV, -3.50 eV로 나타났다. 합성한 공중합체인 PPVTBT와 (6)-1-(3-(methoxycarbonyl)propyl)-{5}-1-phenyl[5,6]-$C_{61}$(PCBM)을 1 : 6의 중량비로 blend하여 제작한 소자의 효율은 AM 1.5 G, 1 sun 조건($100mA/cm^{2}$)에서 0.16%의 효율을 보였다. 그리고 소자의 Jsc (short circuit current), FF (fill factor)와 Voc (open circuit voltage)는 각각 $0.74mA/cm^{2}$, 31%, 0.71 V로 나타났다.

텍스처 분석 기반 칼라 텍스처 이미지 워터마킹 알고리즘 (Color-Texture Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Texture Analysis)

  • 강명수;트룩 뉘엔;딘 뉘엔;김철홍;김종면
    • 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.35-43
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    • 2013
  • 텍스처 이미지가 다양한 산업 애플리케이션 분야에 널리 사용됨에 따라, 이러한 이미지들의 저작권 보호는 중요한 이슈가 되어왔다. 이러한 이유로, 본 논문은 이미지에 내재한 텍스처 특성을 이용한 칼라 텍스처 이미지 워터마킹 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안한 알고리즘은 퍼지 클러스터링을 위한 입력으로써 그레이 레벨 동시발생 행렬의 에너지와 동질성 특징을 사용하여 워터마크를 삽입하기 위한 적당한 블록들을 선택한다. 워터마크를 삽입하기 위해 먼저 선택된 블록들에 이산 웨이블릿 변환을 수행하고, 이산 웨이블릿 변환의 서버밴드들의 하나를 선택한다. 그런후에 이 워터마크를 중간 대역의 이산 코사인 변환 계수에 삽입한다. 또한, 본 논문은 워터마크 삽입 후 비인지성과 다양한 형태의 워커마킹 공격에 대해 강인성이 뛰어난 이득 계수들과 이산 웨이블릿 변환의 서버밴드들의 효과를 탐색한다. 모의실험 결과, 제안한 알고리즘은 이득 계수가 42이고 HH 밴드에 워터마크를 삽입하였을 때 높은 PSNR 값 (47.66 dB to 48.04 dB) 및 낮은 M-SVD 값 (8.84 to 15.6)을 얻었다. 또한 제안한 알고리즘은 노이즈 첨가, 필터링, 잘라내기 및 JPEG 압축과 같은 다양한 이미지 처리 공격에서도 높은 상관 값 (0.7193 to 1)을 보였다.

Effect of Carbohydrate Source and Cottonseed Meal Level in the Concentrate on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Swamp Buffaloes

  • Wanapat, Metha;Pilajun, R.;Polyorach, S.;Cherdthong, A.;Khejornsart, P.;Rowlinson, P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제26권7호
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    • pp.952-960
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    • 2013
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in swamp buffaloes. Four, 4-yr old rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and CC+rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was level of cottonseed meal (CM); 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) in isonitrogenous diets (490 g CP/kg). Buffaloes received urea-treated rice straw ad libitum and supplemented with 5 g concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source did not affect feed intake, nutrient intake, digested nutrients, nutrient digestibility, ammonia nitrogen concentration, fungi and bacterial populations, or microbial protein synthesis (p>0.05). Ruminal pH at 6 h after feeding and the population of protozoa at 4 h after feeding were higher when buffalo were fed with CC than in the CR3:1 treatment (p<0.05). Buffalo fed with HCM had a lower roughage intake, nutrient intake, population of total viable and cellulolytic bacteria and microbial nitrogen supply than the LCM fed group (p<0.05). However, nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, ammonia concentration, population of protozoa and fungi, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were not affected by cottonseed meal levels (p>0.05). Based on this experiment, concentrate with a low level of cottonseed meal could be fed with cassava chips as an energy source in swamp buffalo receiving rice straw.

전자선 조사에 의한 고리지방족/DGEBA 에폭시 블렌드 시스템의 경화 및 기계적 특성 (Cure and Mechanical Behaviors of Cycloaliphatic/DGEBA Epoxy Blend System using Electron-Beam Technique)

  • 이재락;허건영;박수진
    • 폴리머
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.210-216
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    • 2003
  • Benzylquinoxalinium hexafluoroantimonate를 함유한 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide (VCE)/diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) 에폭시 블렌드를 전자선을 사용하여 경화하였다. 그리고 VCE에서 DGEBA의 함량이 경화 거동, 열적 그리고 기계적 특성에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. VCE/DGEBA 블렌드계의 조성은 100 : 0, 80 : 20, 60 : 40, 40 : 60, 20 : 80, 및 0 : 100 wt%로 하였다. 경화 거동과 열안정성은 근적기선 분광기와 열중량 분석기로 각각 측정하였다. 또한 기계적 계면 특성을 연구하기 위하여 경화된 시편의 임계응력 세기인자 ( $K_{IC}$) 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 DGEBA 함량 증가와 함께 수산화기와 카보닐기에 기인한 짧은 곁사슬 구조와 사슬 절단의 감소가 근적외선 분광법에 의해서 측정되었다. 그리고 열안정성 인자들로서 초기 열분해 온도 (IDT), 최대 무게 감량시 온도 ( $T_{max}$), 그리고 분해 활성화 에너지 ( $E_{d}$)는 DGEBA 함량 증가와 함께 증가하였다. 이러한 결과들은 DGEBA 함량 증가에 따른 점도의 감소와 안정된 방향족 고리 구조, 그리고 graftedIPN구조로 설명될 수 있었다. 또한 최대 $K_{IC}$ 값은 40 : 60 wt%에서 보였다.보였다..

Effect of Carbohydrate Sources and Levels of Cotton Seed Meal in Concentrate on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Young Dairy Bulls

  • Wanapat, Metha;Anantasook, N.;Rowlinson, P.;Pilajun, R.;Gunun, P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.529-536
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    • 2013
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of levels of cottonseed meal with various carbohydrate sources in concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in dairy bulls. Four, 6 months old dairy bulls were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and cassava chip+rice bran in the ratio of 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was cotton seed meal levels in the concentrate; 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) at similar overall CP levels (490 g CP/kg). Bulls received urea-lime treated rice straw ad libitum and were supplemented with 10 g of concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source and level of cotton seed meal did not have significant effects on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, microbial protein synthesis or feed intake. Animals which received CC showed significantly higher BUN concentration, ruminal propionic acid and butyric acid proportions, while dry matter, organic matter digestibility, populations of total viable bacteria and proteolytic bacteria were lower than those in the CR3:1 treatment. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was higher in HCM than LCM treatments, while the concentration of butyric acid was higher in LCM than HCM treatments. The population of proteolytic bacteria with the LCM treatments was higher than the HCM treatments; however other bacteria groups were similar among the different levels of cotton seed meal. Bulls which received LCM had higher protein digestibility than those receiving HCM. Therefore, using high levels of cassava chip and cotton seed meal might positively impact on energy and nitrogen balance for the microbial population in the rumen of the young dairy bull.

케톤음료를 보충한 저탄수화물·고지방식이 섭취가 치매고위험 노인의 인지기능 및 신체활동 능력 변화에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Low-carbohydrate and High-fat Diet Supplemented with Ketogenic Drink on Cognitive Function and Physical Performance in the Elderly at High Risk for Dementia)

  • 김은지;박정식;최원선;박유경
    • 대한지역사회영양학회지
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    • 제24권6호
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    • pp.525-534
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    • 2019
  • Objectives: Reduced glucose utilization in the main parts of the brain involved in memory is a major cause of Alzheimer's disease, in which ketone bodies are used as the only and effective alternative energy source of glucose. This study examined the effects of a low-carbohydrate and high-fat (LCHF) diet supplemented with a ketogenic nutrition drink on cognitive function and physical activity in the elderly at high risk for dementia. Methods: The participants of this study were 28 healthy elderly aged 60-91 years showing a high risk factor of dementia or whose Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score was less than 24 points. Over 3 weeks, the case group was given an LCHF diet with nutrition drinks consisting of a ketone/non-ketone ratio of 1.73:1, whereas the control group consumed well-balanced nutrition drinks while maintaining a normal diet. After 3 weeks, K-MMSE, body composition, urine ketone bodies, and physical ability were all evaluated. Results: Urine ketone bodies of all case group subjects were positive, and K-MMSE score was significantly elevated in the case group only (p=0.021). Weight and BMI were elevated in the control group only (p<0.05). Grip strength was elevated in all subjects (p<0.01), and measurements of gait speed and one leg balance were improved only in the case group (p<0.05). Conclusions: We suggest that adherence to the LCHF diet supplemented with a ketogenic drink could possibly influence cognitive and physical function in the elderly with a high risk factor for dementia. Further, we confirmed the applicability of this dietary intervention in the elderly based on its lack of any side effects or changes in nutritional status.

건강한 한국성인의 음료섭취패턴과 대사증후군의 연관성 연구 -2013~2015년 국민건강영양조사를 바탕으로- (Relation between Beverage Consumption Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome among Healthy Korean Adults)

  • 데니스 은주;강민지;한성림
    • 대한지역사회영양학회지
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.441-455
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    • 2017
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome. Methods: Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the $6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake. Conclusions: Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults.