• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test a model for intention to discontinuation drinking high caffeinated beverages among undergraduate students. This model was based on the Ajzen's theory of planned behavior and Becker's health belief model. Methods: Participants consisted of 201 undergraduate students. Data were collected by questionnaires from March 11 to May 24, 2019. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0, AMOS 22.0 program. Results: The assessment of the model indicated an acceptable fit (normed x²=1.65, goodness-of-fit index [GFI]=.83, adjusted GFI=.79, comparative fit index [CFI]=.92, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR]=.05, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]=.91, normed fit index [NFI]=.87, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=.07). Perceived behavior control, subjective norm, the subjective attitude was found to have a significant direct effect on the intention to discontinuation of drinking a high caffeinated beverage. The variances of this model explained 45.3% of the variance in intention to discontinuation of drinking a high caffeinated beverage. Conclusion: These results suggest that a need to increase awareness of adverse effects and potential risks of high caffeinated beverage consumption in undergraduate students. Besides, the university and government should provide education and campaigns to prevent excessive high-caffeinated beverage consumption.

• Proceeding of EDISON Challenge
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• 2017.03a
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• pp.677-687
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• 2017

Caffeine has a long history of human consumption but the consumption of caffeine due to caffeinated energy drinks(CEDs) is rapidly growing. Marketing targets of CED sales are children, adolescents and young adults, possibly caffeine-sensitive groups and its effect for them can be significantly different from healthy adults. Caffeine-related toxicities among these groups are growing in number and a number of countries are recognizing severity of caffeine toxicities. Previous research showed prediction of maximal plasma caffeine concentration profiles after the single CED ingestion and the primary aim of this study is to visually predict plasma caffeine concentration after the single and multiple ingestion of standard servings of CED. Based on the population pharmacokinetic model using Monte Carlo simulation, prediction of caffeine concentration leading to caffeine intoxication in the sensitive groups is quantitatively presented and visualized. This research also broadens the perspective by creating and utilizing diverse open science tools including R package, Edison Science App and Shiny apps.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.7-20
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• 2019

The use of caffeine as a psychoactive stimulant in tea has been observed to have serious negative effects in humans' systems such as respiratory, nervous, cardiovascular, renal and skeletal systems. This study was carried out to assess the levels of caffeine in 10 different tea brands available in local market in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Quantitative analysis of caffeine was performed by a simple and fast UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods using different solvents for extraction. The caffeine content in all the tea samples analyzed in this study were below the maximum allowable limits set by the USFDA. Tea have been associated with adverse health effects and the claims made by manufacturers about the benefits of tea do not highlight risks associated with excessive consumption of a combination of the ingredients contained in tea. Long term effects of tea consumption of children and young people have not been adequately studied. Therefore, it is recommended that further research be carried out on the adverse effects of energy drinks on children. Research is also needed to be done on the effects of the combination of ingredients on health and excessive consumption of those ingredients to children and adolescents. People need to be educated and given proper awareness on the health risks associated with caffeine containing beverages.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1143-1154
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Body shape misperception (BSM) is the disagreement between the subjectively perceived body size and body mass index. This study investigated the association between BSM and unhealthy eating behaviors (UEB) among Korean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey with 55,748 participants. UEB were measured according to the weekly consumption frequency of caffeinated energy drinks, fast food, carbonated beverages, and sugar-sweetened beverages. The covariates included demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and health-related factors. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined the association between BSM and UEB. RESULTS: Among the participants, 37,607 (67.5%) reported UEB. The gap between UEB among those with BSM was the largest between the underestimated and accurately estimated groups. Participants who underestimated their body shape were likelier to engage in UEB (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.25). Both sexes with underestimation of body size showed an association with UEB compared to those with accurate estimations (girls: AOR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.09-1.30; boys: AOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.26). CONCLUSIONS: Underestimating body shape can provoke UEB among Korean adolescents. The need for appropriate school health interventional programs to prevent underestimating body shape is emphasized to avoid UEB.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.525-534
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• 2019

Objectives: Reduced glucose utilization in the main parts of the brain involved in memory is a major cause of Alzheimer's disease, in which ketone bodies are used as the only and effective alternative energy source of glucose. This study examined the effects of a low-carbohydrate and high-fat (LCHF) diet supplemented with a ketogenic nutrition drink on cognitive function and physical activity in the elderly at high risk for dementia. Methods: The participants of this study were 28 healthy elderly aged 60-91 years showing a high risk factor of dementia or whose Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score was less than 24 points. Over 3 weeks, the case group was given an LCHF diet with nutrition drinks consisting of a ketone/non-ketone ratio of 1.73:1, whereas the control group consumed well-balanced nutrition drinks while maintaining a normal diet. After 3 weeks, K-MMSE, body composition, urine ketone bodies, and physical ability were all evaluated. Results: Urine ketone bodies of all case group subjects were positive, and K-MMSE score was significantly elevated in the case group only (p=0.021). Weight and BMI were elevated in the control group only (p<0.05). Grip strength was elevated in all subjects (p<0.01), and measurements of gait speed and one leg balance were improved only in the case group (p<0.05). Conclusions: We suggest that adherence to the LCHF diet supplemented with a ketogenic drink could possibly influence cognitive and physical function in the elderly with a high risk factor for dementia. Further, we confirmed the applicability of this dietary intervention in the elderly based on its lack of any side effects or changes in nutritional status.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.587-597
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• 2006

This study was performed in order to identify nutritional factors affecting on skin sebum content with 131 female university undergraduates in 2003. We measured the sebum contents of 4 facial spots to classify their skin types. Daily energy and nutrient intakes of the subjects were not deficient except in calcium and iron, which were 466.2 mg (66.6% RDA) and 8.5 mg (53.4% RDA) relatively. We observed no significant difference of energy and nutrient intakes among the 3 skin types. But significantly higher consumption of grains and slightly higher frequencies of several food groups (excepting starches) were shown in oily skin types, so they might have higher nutrient intakes. Serum indices and food preferences mostly revealed no difference among the 3 skin types. But in the oily skin type, serum phosphorus levels were significantly lower than others, suggesting phosphorus-rich food consumption like soft drinks and pains could lead to a dry skin type rather than an oily one. Also in the oily skin type, sweet taste preference was slightly tower than others; more-over, sweet intake was lower samely significantly. There was mostly no significant relationship between facial sebum contents and nutrient intakes, dietary behavior, food frequency and food preference except in some factors. Animal protein intake showed a significant negative relationship toward facial sebum content. On the other hand, in normal skin type, Fishes consumed was slightly higher than others, so that higher animal protein consumption presumably leads to normal skin type. Frequency of fried food and bacon and preference of fried foods showed slightly negative relationships toward facial sebum content. Regular meal times showed significantly increased facial sebum content.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.455-464
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• 2005

The study was designed to observe the correlation between the eating habits and growth development in 1,574 children (3-6 years old) in Kyunggi-do and Seoul, Korea. The eating habits and nutrient intake were determined by mini dietary assessment and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). 35.6% children had been practicing an unbalanced diets. Children with unbalanced diet consumed less amount of protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, soy products), vegetables and fruits and had irregular meal time, but more of them preferred sweet foods (ice creme, cookies) and carbonated drinks as snack compared with children in balanced diet. 24-35% children consumed energy, iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), Niacin, Zinc (Zn) less than 75% RDA. Energy intake of children with unbalanced diet was not significantly different from those with balanced diet, but they consumed less amount of niacin, Fe, Ca and Zn than those with balanced diet. By using the relative percentage of standard weight-length-index (WLI), 65.7% children was normal weight, 12.9% was underweight, 13.4% was overweight and 7.9% was obese. However, 11.9% of underweight and normal weight children was so called thin obese since their body fat content was greater than 20%. There were 16.8% underweight in children with unbalanced diet and 12.6% underweight in those with balanced diet. Compared to normal weight, the underweight children significantly consumed less amount of milk and its product, high protein foods, fried foods and fruits, but obese children consumed more high protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, etc) and sweet foods. In conclusion, the eating habits of unbalanced meal was prevalent problem in preschool children which resulting in their health risks. Therefore, it would be needed that new approach for nutrition education to improve eating habits in preschoolers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1128-1136
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• 2017

Previous studies of the caffeine consumption pattern were limited primarily to beverages containing caffeine. Therefore, this study examined the caffeine consumption patterns and levels in beverages and foods containing caffeine among high school students (n=310) in the Yongin region. The participants included 171 boys (55.2%) and 139 girls (44.8%). The daily mean caffeine intake of the respondents was 41.27 mg (0.651 mg/kg) and 36.47 mg (0.696 mg/kg) in boys and girls, respectively. Among the caffeinated food groups, coffee had the highest caffeine intake group in both boys (18.95 mg) and girls (26.28 mg). Girls consumed large amounts of caffeine in the form of Americano-style coffee (20.04 mg), whereas boys consumed more canned coffee (6.77 mg) than girls (2.43 mg, P<0.01). Carbonated soft drinks were the second most prevalent source of caffeine intake in both groups, even though boys (14.29 mg) consumed larger amounts of caffeine than girls (5.85 mg, P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis investigating the major contributing food group to daily total caffeine intake also showed that the highest standardized coefficient was in coffee regardless of gender (boys 0.492, P<0.001 and girls 0.944, P<0.001), followed by carbonated soft drinks and energy drinks. Approximately 95% of high school students consumed normal levels of caffeine, whereas 3.5% of boys and 5.8% of girls consumed excessive amounts based on the standard limit of Korea Food and Drug Administration (<2.5 mg/kg/d) for adolescents. The daily mean caffeine intake of the excess group was 5.38 mg/kg and 6.96 mg/kg in boys and girls, respectively. Consequently, safe daily caffeine intake needs to be determined throughout continuous national management guidelines and nutritional education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.287-294
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop a web-based internet program for nutritional assessment and diet management of patient having hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidermia were classified by hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The program consisted of four parts according to their functions and contents. The first part explained the metabolism of lipids and defined the hyperchotesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The second part is to assess the general health status such as body weight, obesity index, basal metabolic rate and total energy requirement by the input of age, sex, height, weight and degree of activity. This part also provides the Patient with menus lists and 1 day menu suitable to his weight, activity and the status of hyperlipidemia and offers the information for food selection, snacks, convenience foods, dine-out, behavioral modification, cooking methods, food exchange lists, and information on energy and nutrients of foods and drinks, and top 20 foods classified by nutrients. The third part is designed to investigate diet history of patient, that is, to find out his inappropriate dietary habit and give him some suggestions for appropriate dietary behavior. This part also offers on-line counseling and frequently asked Questions. The fourth part is evaluating their energy and nutrients intake by comparing with recommended dietary allowance for Koreans or standardized data for patient with hyperlipidemia. In this part, it is also analyzing energy and nutrients of food consumed by food group and meals, and evaluating the status of nutrient intake. These results are finally displayed as tabular forms and graphical forms on the computer screen.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.36-46
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consumption pattern of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and compare body composition changes by SSB consumption based on 28 days of dietary records from a four-week time-restricted eating intervention among young adults in Korea. Methods: A total of 33 participants completed the four-week dietary intervention with 8-hour time-restricted eating (TRE). The body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline, and daily dietary records were collected for 28 days during the intervention after 4 weeks. Results: Based on 924 days of dietary records, the average eating occasion of SSB was 0.9 times per day, and the average amount of SSB was 205.8 g/times. Based on an individual's usual intake of 28 days, the average eating frequency of SSB was 16.6 times out of 28 days, and the average amount of SSB was 184.0 g/day. The average energy intake from SSB was 131.0 kcal /day (8.7% of energy), and sugar intake from SSB was 18.2 g/day (4.9% of energy). The sugar intake was 2.6% of energy from sweetened dairy products, followed by 2.0% from coffee drinks, 0.5% from soda and juice and 0.2% from others. When subjects were divided into high (14 days or more) and low (less than 14 days) SSB groups based on eating frequency, the weight change in the low SSB group was -2.0 kg over 4 weeks, which was significantly lower than -0.7 kg in the high SSB group. However, no significant difference was found in muscle mass, fat mass and body fat percent between the two groups. Conclusions: This study suggests that low consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is more desirable in weight management despite having the dietary intervention of time-restricted eating without counting calories. Thus, further longitudinal studies on the association between SSB and obesity in Korean adults are necessary.