• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1030-1039
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• 2016

This study aimed to compare energy nutrient intake, health related factors, physical characteristics, blood biochemical indices, prevalence of metabolic syndrome and odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome based on dietary fat energy ratio. Subjects were 1,205 men aged 40~64 years. The average fat intake was 52.8 g. Subjects were divided into three groups (deficient, normal, excess) based on dietary fat energy ratio. The dietary fat energy rations of the three groups were 36.9%, 42.9% and 20.2%, respectively. Energy and protein intake were increased significantly with dietary fat energy ratio (p<0.001), whereas carbohydrate intake decreased (p<0.001). In health related factors, amount of smoking alone showed increase based on dietary fat energy ratio (p<0.001). In comparing physical characteristics, blood pressure and blood biochemical indices, excepting diastolic blood pressure, increased significantly based on dietary fat energy ratio (p<0.01~p<0.001). The rate that exceeded criteria in risk factors for metabolic syndrome was higher in the serum triglyceride (41.2%) and was lower in the waist circumference (22.2%). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 37.9%, and showed significant correlation to dietary fat energy ratio (p<0.05). The OR of metabolic syndrome was higher in deficient and excess group than in normal group, but it had no relationship between fat energy ratio and metabolic syndrome. The results of this study provide basic data to establish fat intake guidelines for prevention of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 1983

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of protein level on weight gain, feed consumption and the efficiencies of feed, energy and protein when the broiler chick was fed the diet of different protein level with the iso-calorie content. The energy and protein level of the basal ration was 3200 kcal and 22.85% for starter period and 3265 Kcal and 18.58% for finisher period, respectively. In order to increase the protein level of the experimental diet, the basal diet was substituted by fish meal by the ratio of 3, 6, 9, and 12%. The male Abor Acre broiler chicks were employed for 8 weeks and the result obtained were as follows. 1. The weekly body weight gain was significantly greater for Diet C than for Diet A and E in the starter period and greater for Diet A than for Diet E in the finisher period (P<0.05). 2. In stater period the feed intake was not affected by the protein level but in finisher period the feed intake for Diet C, D, and E was significantly reduced compared with Diet A. 3. As for feed conversion ratio, Diet C of 1.43 was improved significantly compared with Diet A of 1.58(P<0.05). 4. As the protein level of diet increased, the energy efficiency ratio increased and however, the protein efficiency ratio decreased in starter and finisher period. In conclusion the best performance of broiler is thought to be realized when the protein and energy level was 23% and 3200 Kcal for starter period and 20% and 3250 Kcal for finisher period, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.315-321
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• 1992

The utilization of feeding white sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniwhite) seeds supplemented with the limiting amino acids were investigated in day-old single comb White Leghorn male chicks. These were fed a commercial chick mash for the first 10 days and on a semi-synthetic protein-free diet for the next 6 days. For the subsequent 6 days of experimental feeding period, the birds were fed on the protein-free diet, basal diet containing 9.31% of lupin seed meal (LSM) protein, diets supplemented with methionine, methionine + tryptophan or methionine + tryptophan + lysine in the basal diet, and diet containing 9.84% of soybean meal (SBM) protein. When the LSM protein was supplemented with methionine, protein intake, body weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) were increased (p<0.05). The birds excreted lower urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen per protein comsumption, had improved apparent (AD) and true (TD) digestibility but did not alter biological value (BV) of the protein. Metabolizability (MEn/GE) and heat production (HP) per MEn intake (HP/MEn) was lowered while energy retention (ER) was highered (p<0.05) compared with those of the basal diet. Also the body weight gain, PER, NPR and ER was increased but the BV and HP/MEn was lowered compared with those of the SBM protein. The results indicated that lupin seed supplemented with methionine increase body weight gain and energy rentention but did not alter biological value compared with those of lupin seed and soybean meal.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.308-313
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• 2015

A $3{\times}3$ factorial study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth, feed utilization and innate immunity of red seabream Pagrus major. Nine diets consisting of three protein levels (42%, 46% and 50% crude protein) and three lipid levels (10%, 14% and 18% crude lipid) were formulated. Triplicate groups of red seabream were fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation (5-6 times a day, from 08:00 to 18:00 h at 2-h intervals) for 10 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed P46L14 (46% protein and 14% lipid), P50L10 (50% protein and 10% lipid) and P50L14 (50% protein and 14% lipid) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish fed P42L18 (42% protein and 18% lipid). The feed conversion ratios (FCR) of the fish were affected by dietary lipid levels (P<0.039), but not dietary protein levels. The FCR tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid levels from 10% to 18% with the 46% and 50% protein levels. The weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, specific growth rate, feed intake and survival of fish were not affected by either dietary protein or lipid levels. Myeloperoxidase activity in the group fed P50L14 (50% protein and 14% lipid) was significantly higher than that in the group fed P42L10 (42% protein and 10% lipid) or P50L18 (50% protein and 18% lipid). However, the myeloperoxidase activity of fish was not affected by either dietary protein or lipid level. The fish fed P46L14 (46% protein and 14% lipid) and P46L18 (46% protein and 18% lipid) showed significantly higher superoxide dismutase activity than did the fish fed P46L10 (46% protein and 10% lipid), P50L10 (50% protein and 10% lipid) of P50L18 (50% protein and 18% lipid). In conclusion, the optimum protein and lipid levels for the growth and feed utilization of juvenile red seabream were 46% and 14%, respectively, and the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio was 27.4 g/MJ.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1568-1572
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• 2002

A 152 day trial was conducted to see the effect of feeding naturally fermented wheat straw (FWS) with either energy, protein or energy protein supplements on the growth of buffalo calves. Twenty four male buffalo calves (10-12 months old) divided in 6 equal groups were individually offered FWS as sole roughage along with either conventional concentrate mixture (conc), maize grains (M), solvent extracted mustard cake (DMC), M-DMC mixture (50:50), deoiled rice bran (DRB) or uromol bran mixture (UBM) in 70:30 ratio. The digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen retention and nutritive value was maximum in FWS:UBM followed by FWS:DMC and FWS:Conc groups. Almost, all the blood parameters were observed well within the normal range except that of blood urea (FWS:UBM) and creatinine (FWS:DMC and FWS:DRB). The dietary combination in which FWS was supplemented with only conventional protein supplement like DMC proved to be highly efficient as far as live weight gain was concerned. FWS supplemented with energy-protein combination i.e. MDMC could also be used as complete feed for growing calves in comparison to conventional feeding system.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.182-196
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• 1997

Physiological changes that affect nutrient absorption and utilization occur in older adults, and the collection of nutritional information is an important part of examining the nutrition and health issue. A nutritional survey using the 24-hour recall method was performed to identify nutritional quality and leading patterns of food group intake for protein, vitamin C, P and Fe were over 1, whereas those for vitamin A, $B_1$, $B_2$, niacin and Ca were below 1. The MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) was relatively low(0.75). The percentage of energy from carbohydrate, protein, and fat was 65.1, 15.6, and 19.5, respectively, thus the quantities of energy source were ideal. The Older subjects revealed poorer nutrition quality than the younger subjects did. The food group intake pattern of the elderly was not diverse, only 9% of them consumed all food groups in a day. These results suggest that nutritional guidelines for older Koreans should focus on the maintenance of adequate energy intake. In addition, selection of foods with high protein and calcium, such as dairy food, should be emphasized, particularly in the older elderly. Nutrition programs should target individuals at risk of not receiving enough nutrients, like the oldest elderly, and persons with lower education.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.263-272
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• 1976

According to the intercombined review of chemical and biological investigation it has been noted that the metabolizable energy per gram dietary protein of mixed diet of daily intake patterned by Korean population has been found 3.4-3.6 Cal., which entails 10-12% level of the protein calorie percentage of total metabolizable energy, the biological value being fallen within the scope 63-73. The structure of dietary protein has revealed that the lysine and isoleucine were primary limiting amino acids and threonine secondary limiting as a general trend, however, it is assumed that the ultimate nutritional effect of dietary protein might be restricted uniformly among regions by the amount of lysine, since the lysine availability has been yielded as low as 72-82% level. As for the net protein utillization NPUst falls in the range of 52-62 and the NPUop 47-58. In either part the mountainous region has demonstrated lowest value and the urban area highest, these trend being obviously associated with the ratio of animal protein relative to the vegetable origin. The net dietary protein calorie percentage (NDpCal %) has been found within the range of 5-7 that may be capable of meeting the requirement for the maintenance of adult, though for the growth it is insufficient. Present level of total caloric intake would not influence on the fate of protein value of prevailing regional diet in terms of caloric restriction, since the present intake of food energy is higher than the lower limit of caloric intake that would impair the biological performance of dietary protein fed ad libitum basis. Based on the protein efficiency, the adequacy of current level of protein intake was analyzed in terms of utilizable protein, and it has been demonstrated that the 37.8g of utilizable protein in the fishery region and 38.2g in the mountainous region were bellow the FAO recommendation. Accordin to the hematological study it may be interpreted that the anemic symptoms of the mountainous region has some possibility of being related to the inferior status of dietary protein in quality as well as in quantity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 1995

In this study, the nutritional composition of colostrum milk obtained from 22 mothers delivering perterm infants and 17 mothers delivering term infants was analyzed. The energy content of colostrum was yielded based on nitrogen, lactose, and lipid data. Preterm milk is more close the nutritional needs of the preterm infant than dose other breast milk. The results are as follows : 1) Protein concentration was significantly higher, but carbohydrate and lipid concentration were lower in preterm milk than fullterm milk. Energy content yielded from total nitrogen, lactose and lipid concentration was higher in the fullterm milk than preterm milk. 2) Calcium was higher in the preterm milk than fullterm colostrum. Phosphate was lower in fullterm milk than pretem milk. Calcium/Phosphate ratio were 2.61/1 in the preterm and 2.06/1 in the fullterm milk. Magnesium was higher in the preterm milk than fullterm milk. Zinc, Copper and Manganese concentrations were tended to lower in the preterm milk than fullterm milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1355-1359
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• 2003

This study examined the replacement of the fish meal (FM) with commercial poultry by-product meal (PBM) in practical diets for rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing levels 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40% of PBM as a replacement for FM were fed to three replicate groups of rainbow trout with a initial weight $34.50{\pm}0.43g$ (mean${\pm}$SE). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of diets containing PBM up to 20% were similar to the control while significantly lower values were obtained from the groups receiving higher levels of PBM (p<0.05). Apparent protein digestibility coefficients (ADCs) were significantly lower than that of the control group when PBM was included at level of 20% or more. Similarly, significantly lower values were observed with diets containing 30 and 40% PBM in terms of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ash and energy digestibility (p<0.05). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect the body composition of the fish in terms of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash. In conclusion, PBM in a proportion of 20% may replace about 40 % of FM in rainbow trout diet without significant impairment grow.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2008

Protein-energy malnutrition is regarded as one of the public health problems in developing countries as a result of poor feeding practices due to poverty. This study, therefore, aimed at evaluating nutritional quality of a potential weaning food formulated from locally available food materials. The cooking banana fruit(CB) and bambara groundnut seeds(BG) were purchased from local market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The CB and BG were processed into flours, mixed in ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 and subjected into proximate, sensory and biochemical analyses using standard procedures. Nutrend(a commercial formula) and ogi(corn gruel, a traditional weaning food) were used as control. The nutritient composition(g/100 g) of the food samples were ranged as follows: moisture 2.94-6.94, protein 7.02-16.0, ash 1.76-2.99, fat 0.76-8.45, fibre 1.52-3.75, carbohydrate 63.84-88.43 and energy 1569.8-1665.7 kcal. The biological value(BV), net protein retention(NPR), protein efficiency ratio(PER) and feed efficiency ratio(FER) of the experimental food samples were significantly(p<0.05) lower than nutrend, but higher than ogi. The haematological variables of rats fed with formulated food samples, commercial formula(nutrend) and traditional weaning food(ogi) were not significantly(p>0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. However, the values obtained for red blood cell(RBC), white blood cell(WBC), pack cell volume(PCV) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) were higher in the experimental food samples than the commercial food. The growth rate of animals fed with experimental food samples were lower than those fed with the nutrend, but higher than those fed with ogi. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of CB and fermented BG mix of 60:40 ratio was better than ogi; and comparable to the nutrend. This implies that it can be used to replace low quality traditional weaning food and the expensive commercial weaning formula.