• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2011

Introduction: Endoscope-assisted open reduction and internal fixation (EAORIF) reduces the amount of facial scaring, but limitations, such as the possibility to convert to the open technique and the large learning curve, remain. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 19 patients diagnosed as lateral overridden subcondyle fractures and treated with endoscope-assisted open reduction and internal fixation at Yonsei University Health System from December 2006 to August 2010 were reviewed. Results: 11 patients underwent temporary discomfort or pain such as limitation of mouth opening, temporomandibular joint discomfort, lip paresthesia or facial weakness, but the symptoms disappeared within 3 months. There was no severe long-term complication except 2 patients with re-fractures of operated subcondyles. Conclusion: Subcondyle fracture with lateral overridden proximal segment is a better indication of endoscope-assisted open reduction and internal fixation than a condylar head/neck fracture, or medial overridden subcondyle fracture: allowing an anatomic reduction.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.555-557
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• 2012

We report an uncommon case of a 45-year-old woman who presented with spontaneous rhinorrhea. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the head revealed an abnormally large sphenoid sinus associated with a parasellar bony defect (Sternberg's canal) through which magnetic resonance imaging could detect an encephalocele of the right temporal lobe. An endoscope-assisted trans-sphenoidal approach was performed and, with the aid of image guided surgery, reduction of the encephalocele was obtained and followed by surgical repair of the dural and bony defects. The postoperative course was uneventful and the cerebrospinal fluid fistula was closed as confirmed by the postoperative CT scan and by the absence of rhinorrhea. After three years of monitoring the patient remained asymptomatic.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2007

Today, endoscopic procedures are common in diagnostic and other surgical procedures, with endoscopically enhanced and magnified images permitting surgical access through minimal incisions. This has expanded the treatment options for many difficult anatomic sites, and the endoscope facilitated safe anatomic reduction and fixation. The use of the endoscope may reduce the disadvantages of open fracture repair and should be considered for broad application in the treatment of displaced facial bone fractures. Optical endoscopic magnification minimizes the disadvantages associated with open surgical repair, including the risk of facial nerve injury and external facial scarring, and no postoperative complications have been attributable to the endoscopic approach. This technique was used in 14 patients treated at Ulsan University Hospital, Korea, from September 2004 to August 2006, including six mandibular subcondyle fractures, five blowout fractures and three zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. Careful preoperative evaluation and proper surgical technique were essential to achieve optimal results in the selected patients.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.497-504
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• 2011

Purpose: Patients who had a subcondylar fracture with a displaced or deviated condylar segment were treated with a retromandibular approach (RMA) or an endoscope-assisted transoral approach (EATA) in our department of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The clinical results of the approaches were compared. A comparative study of specific approaches for subcondylar fractures has not been published before in Korea. Methods: Twenty-one patients with subcondylar fractures of the mandible were included. Ten patients were treated with the retromandibular approach and 11 were treated with an endoscope-assisted transoral approach. We examined patient age, gender, fracture sites, classifications, period of maxillomandibular fixation, facial nerve (FN) or greater auricular nerve (GAN) injuries, maximal mouth opening, deflection, occlusal changes, number of plates, follow-up period, and other complications. Preoperative computed tomography and pre-operative, post-operative, and follow-up panoramic views were taken of each patient. Results: Mean maximal mouth openings were similar between the two approaches. FN and GAN injuries were more frequent in the RMA group but the deflective rate with mouth opening was higher in the EATA than that in RMA group. Two cases of post-operative infection occurred in the EATA group, and occlusal changes were observed in one case for both approaches. Conclusion: The RMA offers more direct access and visualization of the surgical field but it can cause scars and retractive injuries of the FN and GAN. But, EATA did not result in consequent nerve injuries or scars postoperatively, but unfavorable fractures such as $medial$ $override$ condyles were more difficult to reduce endoscopically. Except cases of an expected difficult reduction, the treatment of choice for a displaced subcondylar fracture may be an EATA.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1177-1181
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• 2001

Objective : Thoracoscopic T2 sympathicotomy had been performed as a simple and effective method in treating palmar hyperhidrosis, but some patients are not satisfied with the result of sympathicotomy due to compensatory hyperhidrosis. Therefore, a more limited T2 sympathicotomy using 2mm endoscope was introduced. We made a comparison between conventional T2 sympathicotomy and limited T2 sympathicotomy on operative results and compensatory hyperhidrosis. Material and Method : From January 1998 to April 2000, 56 patients were treated by video assisted endoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy. Thirty patients of these underwent T2 sympathicotomy(Group A), and the remainders underwent limited T2 sympathicotomy(Group B). The limited T2 sympathicotomy is coagulation of the interganglionic fibers of T2 sympathetic ganglion on T2 rib head. The comparative analysis between two groups was based on the medical records and telephone interview results. Result : All patients were treated for excessive sweating on palms with 2mm endoscopic sympathicotmy. There were no mortalities, life-threatening complications except one recurrent patient who was treated successfully with reoperation( endoscopic sympathicotomy). Compensatory hyperhidrosis was common in group A. An individual satisfactory rate for the operations was higher in group B than in group A. Conclusion : The limited T2 sympathicotomy considered to be a more effective and less complicated method than the T2 sympathicotomy for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.552-557
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• 2018

Although colonoscopy was originally a diagnostic imaging procedure, it has now expanded to include an increasing range of therapeutic interventions. These procedures require precise maneuvers of instruments, execution of force, efficient transmission of force from the operator to the point of application, and sufficient dexterity in the mobilization of endoscopic surgical instruments. The conventional endoscope is not designed to support technically demanding endoscopic procedures. In case of colonoscopy, the tortuous anatomy of the colon makes inserting, moving, and orientating the endoscope difficult. Exerting excessive pressure can cause looping of the endoscope, pain to the patient, and even perforation of the colon. To mitigate the technical constraints, numerous technically enhanced systems have been developed to enable better control of instruments and precise delivery of force in the execution of surgical tasks such as apposing, grasping, traction, counter-traction, and cutting of tissues. Among the recent developments are highly dexterous robotic master and slave systems, computer-assisted or robotically enhanced conventional endoscopes, and autonomously driven locomotion devices that can effortlessly traverse the colon. Developments in endoscopic instrumentations have overcome technical barriers and opened new horizons for further advancements in therapeutic interventions. This review describes examples of some of these systems in the context of their applications to advanced therapeutic colonoscopy.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.586-591
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• 2001

Objective : Transseptal or sublabial transsphenoidal surgery has been standard teatment for pituitary tumors for decades. However, as an alternative to this surgery endonasal endoscopic technique has been reported with encouraging results. We have started endoscopy-assisted transsphednoidal surgery from May 1998. In this paper we analyzed the methods, outcome, advantage and disadvantage of this surgical approach for the purpose of planning optimal treatment of pituitary tumors. Methods : This study consisits of 13 cases of pituitary tumors who were treated by endoscopy-assisted transsphenoidal surgery using one nostril from May 1998 to July 1999. Mean follow up period was 12.9 months. Results : There was no septal or sublabial incision and little surgical damage to nasal structure. With this technique, rapid surgical approach and short hospital day were possible, being 3-6 days in patients without CSF leakage. Using various angled endoscope, good surgical view was obtained. Initially it was difficult to use various instruments in narrow nasal cavity, but became feasible after several procedures. Among 13 cases, total removal was possible in 11 cases. One of two cases in whom tumor was incompletely removed underwent gamma-knife radiosurgery and second underwent reoperation through subfrontal approach. There were 6 cases of hormone secreting tumors and hormonal remission was achived in all of these cases. Postoperative complications were CSF leakage(6 cases), diabetes insipidus(2 cases) and panhypopituitarysm(1 case). Lumbar drainage was done in all cases of CSF leakage. Conclusion : The advantage of endoscopy-assisted transsphenoidal surgery are rapid surgical approach, low postoperative morbidity, short hospital day and good surgical view. The disadvantage of this appoach are difficulty in manupulating various instruments in narrow nostril and difficulty in distance perception but these problems can be overcome by practice and using stereoscopic endoscope.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop video assisted education on bowel preparation for colonoscopy (VEBPC) and use a snartphone to evaluate effects of the VEBPC. Methods: Adult patients who were scheduled for colonoscopy were recruited from a university general hospital and randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 (n=30) watched the video using a computer set in the endoscope consulting room. Group 2 (n=29) watched it using a smartphone, and group 3, the control group (n=29) received education with existing instructions at the reservation-reception desk. Participants were evaluated on knowledge on taking bowel preparation agents and diet, compliance on taking bowel preparation agents and diet, satisfaction with education, and actual level of bowel preparation. Results: Group 1 and 2 showed significantly (p<.001) higher scores for knowledge, compliance, and satisfaction compared to the control group. However, in post-hoc test analyses there were no significant differences in these variables between group 1 and 2. No significant difference was found in the actual level of bowel preparation among the three groups. Conclusion: Findings from this study show that VEBPC using smartphone is a better option than existing educational methods. However, replication studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.199-202
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• 2006

The effects of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis vary with a patient's age because of the differences in the blood supply and structure of the bone. In children older than 2 years of age, this process results in extensive abscess formation when both the endosteal and periosteal blood supply are destroyed. Thorough drainage of abscess cavity and removal of all dead or necrotic material are not always possible although large skin incision is made along the abscess. Authors successfully managed acute osteomyelitis of the tibia with extensive large abscess in a 11 year-old female, using minimal incisions and 4-mm endoscope.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.80-84
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• 2016

Non-odontogenic toothaches are frequently present and can be challenge to the dental clinician. A 41-year-old male patient with sharp and spontaneous pain on the right maxillary posterior dentition, which developed as like localized toothache 3 months ago, was finally treated with endoscope assisted sinus surgery on right maxillary sinus. Although the initial clinical characteristics are similar to odontogenic toothache in this patient, previous several treatment with the affected teeth did not alleviate the pain. Sinusitis around the facial structure is one of the common causes to make referred pain to maximally teeth and the sinus toothache resembles the pulpal or the periodontal toothache. The clinician should be well aware of various causes of the non-odontogenic toothache and be able to differentiate them.