• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.48-70
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on acute, subacute and chronic pain and depression of musculoskeletal trauma patients. The study was designed using nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design within the framework of an adaptation model. The subjects were composed of forty patients, and twenty of them were assigned to the experimental group and twenty to the control group within the unit of patients. Data were summarized as follows : 1. There were significant changes of pain scores in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. 2. There were significant changes of pulse rates, respiration rates and systolic blood pressure, but were no significant changes of diastolic blood pressure in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. 3. There were no significant changes of the amount of ${\beta}$-endorphin in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. 4. There were no significant changes of depression scores in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. As a result, music therapy was a useful nursing intervention for relief of acute, subacute and chronic pain. Two suggestions could be made on the ground of the results of this study. 1. On the basis of endogenous pain control theory, it's necessary to research the changes of the amount of ${\beta}$-endorphin as the effect of the music therapy on patients having severe pain. 2. It's necessary to research the changes of the amount of ${\beta}$-endorphin according to the lapse of time after the music therapy for pain relief.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2020

Process-based model (PBM), based on the interactions between endogenous physiological processes and many environmental factors, can be a powerful tool for estimating crop growth and productivity. Carbon acquisition and biomass accumulation are the main components in PBM, so it has become important to understand and integrate gas exchange process in crop model. This study aimed to assess the applicability of FvCB model (a leaf model of C3 photosynthesis proposed by Farquhar, von C aemmerer, and Berry (1980)) in onion (Allium cepa L.). For parameterization, two early-maturing onion cultivars, 'Singsingball' and 'Thunderball', grown in a temperature gradient plastic film house, were used in measuring leaf net CO2 assimilation rate (A), and then, parameter estimation was carried out for four parameters including Vcmax (maximum rate of carboxylation), Jmax (maximum rate of electron transport), TPU (rate of triose phosphate utilization), and Rd (Dark respiration rate). The gas-exchange model calibrated in this research is expected to be able to explain the photosynthetic responses of onion under various environmental conditions (R2=0.95***).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.561-572
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• 2008

Responses of real-time control parameters, such as ORP, DO and pH, to the conditions of biological animal wastewater treatment process were examined to evaluate the stability of real-time control using each parameter. Also an optimum index for supplemental carbon source addition based on NOx-N level was determined under a consideration of denitrification rate by endogenous respiration of microorganism and residual organic matter in liquor. Experiment was performed with lab-scale sequencing batch reactor(SBR) and working volume of the process was 45L. The distinctive nitrogen break point(NBP) on ORP-and DO-time profiles, which mean the termination of nitrification, started disappearing with the maintenance of low NH4-N loading rate. Also the NBP on ORP-and DO-time profiles was no longer observed when high NOx-N was loaded into the reactor, and the sensitivity of ORP became dull with the increase of NOx-N level. However, the distinctive NBP was constantly occurred on pH(mV)-time profile, maintaining unique profile patterns. This stable occurrence of NBP on pH(mV)-time profile was lasted even at very high NOx-N:NH4-N ratio(over 80:1) in reactor, and the specific point could be easily detected by tracking moving slope change(MSC) of the curve. Revelation of NBP on pH(mV)-time profile and recognition of the realtime control point using MSC were stable at a condition of over 300mg/L NOx-N level in reactor. The occurrence of distinctive NBP was persistent on pH(mV)-time profile even at a level of 10,000mg/L STOC(soluble total organic carbon) and the recognition of NBP was feasible by tracing MSC, but that point on ORP and DO-time profiles began to disappear with the increase of STOC level in reactor. The denitrfication rate by endogenous respiration and residual organic matter was about 0.4mg/L.hr., and it was found that 0.83 would be accepted as an index for supplemental carbon source addition when 0.1 of safety factor was applied.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.45-56
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• 1985

This study was made to evaluate temperature effects on biological wastewater treatment particularly at the lower temperatures. Cell yield coefficients and other kinetic factors were compared by varying temperature for industrial wastes. Bench scale aeration-only complete mixing activated sludge(CMAS) units were operated at temperatures of $1^{\circ}$, $4^{\circ}$, $7^{\circ}$ and $10^{\circ}C$ with substrate concentrations of 5,000 and 200 mg/l COD. The study results indicate that the cell yields were computed to be 0.5 to 0.6 grams VSS per grams BOD removed, and were not influenced by temperature variations. The synthesis/total energy ratios were computed to be 0.45 to 0.58 and had a tendency to become larger at lower temperatures. The endogenous respiration rates were computed to be 0.07 to 0.08/day, and seemed to be independent of temperature. In addition, very little temperature effects were observed when F/M ratio and substrate concentrations were reduced.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1986

A research was performed to examine the applicability of aerobic fixed-biofilm reactors for removal of biodegradable organics in raw waters. Crushed briquette ashes or granite were utilized as media. Experiments were carried out by feeding packed bed reactors with a synthetic raw water prepared by dissolving phenol in tap water with other inorganic nutrients. Results of the research showed that the effluent TBOD concentrations were lower than 6 mg/l when the influent BOD concentrations were kept below 50 mg/l and a detention time of about 2.7 hours was provided. The SBOD concentrations of the treated waters should be less than 5 mg/l since the effluent SS could be removed by conventional water treatment methods such as coagulation and filtration. It was also found that most of the SS in the effluents were humic materials since the effluent SS caused little BOD. This means the biofilm in the reactor was in endogenous respiration phase due to low F/M ratio. According to the results of this study, it is recommended to pretreat any raw water contaminated with biodegradable organics in an aerobic fixed biofilm reactor with a detention time of 2 to 3 hours.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.628-635
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• 1999

Background : Maximal expiratory flow rate is determined by the size of airway, elastic recoil pressure and the collapsibility of airway in the lung. The obstruction of expiratory flow is one of the major functional impairments of emphysema, which represents COPD. Nevertheless, expiratory narrowing of upper airway may be recruited as a mechanism for minimizing airway collapse, and maintaining lung volume and hyperinflation by an endogenous positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with airflow obstruction. We investigated the physiologic role of trachea in respiration in emphysema. Method : We included 20 patients diagnosed as emphysema by radiologic and physiologic criteria from January to August in 1997 at Seoul Municipal Boramae Hospital. Chest roentgenogram, high resolution computed tomography(HRCT), and pulmonary function tests including arterial blood gas analysis and body plethysmography were taken from each patient. Cross-sectional area of trachea was measured according to the respiratory cycle on the level of aortic arch by HRCT and calibrated with body surface area. We compared this corrected area with such parameters of pulmonary function tests as $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, airway resistance, lung compliance and so on. Results : Expiratory cross-sectional area of trachea had significant correlation with $PaCO_2$ (r=-0.61, p<0.05), $PaO_2$ (r=0.6, p<0.05), and minute ventilation (r=0.73, p<0.05), but inspiratory cross-sectional area did not (r=-0.22, p>0.05 with $PaCO_2$, r=0.26, p>0.05 with $PaO_2$, and r=0.44, p>0.05 with minute ventilation). Minute ventilation had significant correlation with tidal volume (r=0.45, p<0.05), but it had no significant correlation with respiratory frequency (r=-0.31, p>0.05). Cross-sectional area of trachea had no significant correlation with other parameters of pulmonary function including $FEV_1$, FVC, $FEV_1$/FVC, peak expiratory flow, residual volume, diffusing capacity, airway resistance, and lung compliance, whether the area was expiratory or inspiratory. Conclusion : Cross-sectional area of trachea narrowed during expiration in emphysema, and its expiratory area had significant correlation with $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, and minute ventilation.