• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.137-147
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• 1990

I studied some important medical liter atures in order to examine the cause of Aphasia and found out some facts as follows : 1. Hwang Je Nae Kgong(黃帝內經) is more referred exogenous causes of disease of Aphasia than endogenous causes of disease. 2. Among many causes of Aphasia, exogenous causes of disease was cinsidered to be most common in Soh Shi Je Byong Won Hu chong Rhon(巢氏諸病源喉總論), which has had a wide influence down the ages. 3. Chon Keum Yo Bang(千金要方), Chi Tae Bhi Yo(外臺秘要), Tae Pyong Song Hye Bang(太平聖惠方), Song Je Chong Rok(聖濟總綠). Bu In Yang Bang(婦人良方) and so forth had been quoted from Hwang Je Nae Kyong and Soh Shi Je Byong Won Hu Chong Ron(巢氏諸病源喉總論). 4. In the ming dynasty had been quoted non-exo-endogenous causes of disease and the Kinds of Aphasia and prescription. 5. In the Choeun dynasty and the Ching dynasty, exogenous causes of disease was confined to the quotation of the books referred to above as well, but endogenous causes of disease was developed. 6. Today is refered kidney and Aphasia. The cause of Aphasia obtained was as follows. The exogenous cause of disease is wind, wind and cold, wind and heat. The endogenous cause of disease is pregnancy, heart block of postpartum, weakness of heart and kidney, impairment of seven modes of emotions, stagnation of phlegm and phlegm-fire, hemorrhage. The non exo-endogenous causes of disease is sing ballads and call out.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.279-301
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• 2001

This study was examined empirically the relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables to use internet shopping malls. Exogenous variables in our model are retrieval simpleness, quality of order treatment, web reputation, update and system quality and endogenous variables are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and intention of using internet shopping malls. The results of the path analysis are shown as follows. All exogenous variables have a direct effect on perceived ease of use while both retrieval simpleness and update has a direct effect on perceived usefulness. The perceived ease of use has a direct effect on the intention of using internet shopping malls and has a indirect effect on the intention through perceived usefulness. Especially, web reputation among the exogenous variables has the strongest impact on the perceived ease of use and retrieval has the strongest impact on the perceived usefulness.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.47-66
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• 2003

This study was examined the relationship between the exogenous and endogenous variables in our model to measure ERP system performance using path analysis. The exogenous variables are system quality, user participation, user training, top management support and self-efficacy, and the endogenous variables are system usage, user satisfaction, and work efficiency. The results of the study are shown as follows. First, all the exogenous variables in our model have a direct effect on user satisfaction, and system quality, training, and self-efficacy have a direct effect on system usage. Second, system usage has a direct effect on user satisfaction and user satisfaction has a direct effect on work efficiency. The findings show that the exogenous variables in the model are important to increase ERP implementation success.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.488-493
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• 1991

Lactobacilus acidophilus를 이용한 배추김치제조 연구의 일환으로 이 균이 생성하는 김치의 연화와 밀접한 관련이 있는 효소의 하나인 polygalacturonase(PG)의 성질을 균체내 및 균체외 PG로 나누어 조사하였다. Gel 여과법에 의하여 측정한 균체내외 PG의 개략적인 분자량은 각각 420,000 및 500,000dalton 이었으며, Km값은 다같이 4.0mg/ml이었고, Vmax는 각각 8.0 및 $0.3{\mu}mol$ galacturonic acid/ml/30min 이었다. 최적 pH는 균체내외 PG 다같이 5.5 부근이었으며, 최적온도는 $30^{\circ}C$, 최적 소금농도는 2~3%이었다. 효소활성은 $60^{\circ}C에서\;90^{\circ}C$로 높아질수록 크게 저하하였으며 $60^{\circ}C$에서의 잔존활성은 균체내 PG의 경우 50%, 균체외 PG의 경우 58% 이었고 $90^{\circ}C$에서는 균체내 PG는 5%, 균체외 PG는 19%로서 균체외 효소의 열안정성이 높았다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.107-119
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• 2003

In order to study the preventive effects of hyperlipidemia depending on endogenous and exogenous methods of induction, after observing what happens when Nokyongdaebotang, a strengthening up treatment is orally administrated into the ways that cause hyperlipidemia either by the exogenous hyperlipidemia condition model method, which is the way where you orally administrate the cholesterol that was dissolved in olive oil, or the endogenous hyperlipidemia model method, where it uses the injecting the Triton WR-1339 vein method, or to the already inducted white rats, the following conclusions could be drawn. 1. The endogenous induction method, cholesterol diet, helps preventing Total Cholesterol, TG, and LDL-Cholesterol, Free Fatty Acid, Phospholipid's augmentation within the blood in the white rats that is being induced or just inducted with hyperlipidemia 2. The exogenous induction method, Triton WR injection, helps preventing Total Cholesterol, TG, and LDL-Cholesterol, Free Fatty Acid, Phospholipid's augmentation within the blood in the white rats that is being induced or just inducted with hyperlipidemia 3. The HDL-Cholesterol did not increase in regard. This is considered to be because when the geological features the HDL-Cholesterol increases proportionally. In deference to the above results, Nokyongdaebotang, which strengthens the vitality, showed that it helps prevent white rats that is being induced or just inducted with hyperlipidemia no matter whether it is endogenous or exogenous.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.213-223
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• 2018

Ultrastructural studies on oocyte differentiation and vitellogenesis in the oocytes of female Kareius bicoloratus were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The Golgi complex in the cytoplasm is involved in the formation of yolk vesicles that contain yolk carbohydrates in the yolk vesicle of oocytes in the early vitellogenic phase. In this phase, many pinocytotic vesicles (PVs), which are formed by pinocytosis, contain yolk precursors (exogenous substances). These substances are associated with exogenous heterosynthetic vitellogenesis. In yolked oocytes in the late vitellogenic phase, two morphologically different bodies, which formed by modified mitochondria, appear in oocytes. One is a multivesicular body (synthesized by autosynthetic vitellogenesis), and the other is a yolk precursor (an exogenous substance formed by heterosynthetic vitellogenesis). The multivesicular bodies (MVB) are taken into the yolk precursors (YP) and are transformed into primary yolk globules. However, after the YP mix with exogenous PVs near the zona pellucida, they are transformed into primary yolk globules. Vitellogenesis of this species occurs via endogenous autosynthesis and exogenous heterogenesis. Vitellogenesis occurs through endogenous autosynthesis, which involves the combined activity of the Golgi complex, mitochondria and MVB formed by modified mitochondria. However, heterosynthesis involves pinocytotic incorporation of extraovarian precursors (such as vitellogenin in the liver) into the zona pellucida (via granulosa cells and thecal cells) of the yolked oocyte.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2023

RNAs are versatile molecules that are primarily involved in gene regulation and can thus be widely used to advance the fields of therapeutics and diagnostics. In particular, circular RNAs which are highly stable, have emerged as strong candidates for use on next-generation therapeutic platforms. Endogenous circular RNAs control gene regulatory networks by interacting with other biomolecules or through translation into polypeptides. Circular RNAs exhibit cell-type specific expression patterns, which can be altered in tissues and body fluids depending on pathophysiological conditions. Circular RNAs that are aberrantly expressed in diseases can function as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Moreover, exogenous circular RNAs synthesized in vitro can be introduced into cells as therapeutic molecules to modulate gene expression networks in vivo. Depending on the purpose, synthetic circular RNA sequences can either be identical to endogenous circular RNA sequences or artificially designed. In this review, we introduce the life cycle and known functions of intracellular circular RNAs. The current stage of endogenous circular RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets is also described. Finally, approaches and considerations that are important for applying the available knowledge on endogenous circular RNAs to design exogenous circular RNAs for therapeutic purposes are presented.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제23권3호spc1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1993

It is essential to clone the peptide transporter in order to obtain better understanding of its molecular structure, regulation, and substrate specificity. Characteristics of an endogenous peptide transporter in oocytes were studied along with expression of an exogenous proton/peptide cotransporter from rabbit intestine. And further efforts toward cloning the transporter were performed. The presence of an endogenous peptide transporter was detected in Xenopus laevis oocytes by measuring the uptake of $0.25\;{\mu}M\;(10\;{\mu}Ci/ml)\;[^3H]-glycylsarcosine$ (Gly-Sar) at pH 5.5 with or without inhibitors. Uptake of Gly-Sar in oocytes was significantly inhibited by 25 mM Ala-Ala, Gly-Gly, and Gly-Sar (p<0.05), but not by 2.5 mM of Glu-Glu, Ala-Ala, Gly-Gly, Gly-Sar and 25 mM glycine and sarcosine. This result suggests that a selective transporter is involved in the endogenous uptake of dipeptides. Collagenase treatment of oocytes used to strip oocytes from ovarian follicles did not affect the Gly-Sar uptake. Changing pH from 5.5 to 7.5 did not affect the Gly-Sar uptake significantly, suggesting no dependence of the endogenous transporter on a transmembrane proton gradient. An exogenous $H^+/peptide$ cotransporter was expressed after microinjection of polyadenylated messenger ribonucleic acid $[poly\;(A)^+-mRNA]$ obtained from rabbit small intestine. The Gly-Sar uptake in mRNA-injected oocytes was 9 times higher than that in water-injected oocytes. Thus, frog oocytes can be utilized for expression cloning of the genes encoding intestinal $H^+/peptide$ cotransporters. Using the technique size fractionation of mRNA was sucessfully obtained.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.249-256
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• 1997

A pulse-chase labeling of $^{15}N$ on winter rye (Scale cereale) and forage rape (Brassica napus) grown at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ was carried out to determine the effects of low temperature on the uptake exogenous N and the remobilization of endogenous N. The growth rate of leaves and roots depressed at $5^{\circ}C$. AAer 9 days at $5^{\circ}C$, nitrogen content of leaves decreased to 20% on the average while that of roots increased to 12% compared with the plants grown at $25^{\circ}C$. Total content of $NO_3$- uptake 60m medium was 23.0 and 43.5 mg Nlplant, respectively, for winter rye and forage rape grown at $5^{\circ}C$ during 9 days. These values were corresponded to 59.3 and 26.1% lower uptake than those of $25^{\circ}C$. A large part of 1 5 ~ was distributed into leaves throughout time course in both of two species. The content of $^{15}N$ in leaves of winter rye at day 6 increased to 166 and 296 $\mu^{15}$N/plant compared with the initial value (day 0) in the plants grown at $5^{\circ}C$and $25^{\circ}C$ , corresponding to 90 and 163 $\mu$g N of remobilization h m roots into leaves during the fist 6 days. From 7 to 9 days, 75 and 52 $\mu$gN of outflow 6om leaves were occurred at $5^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. However, little remobilization of endogenous N was estimated in forage rape throughout the entire time course regardless of temperature treatment. Comparing two species studied, winter rye was much sensitively influenced by low temperature on the uptake of exogenous N and the remobilization of endogenous N.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.481-485
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• 2015

수백만 년 전부터 인간의 유전체에는 retrovirus의 유전자들이 삽입되기 시작하였다. 이러한 retrovirus의 유전자들은 결실 혹은 nonsense mutation등 여러 영향으로 지금은 더 이상 활동성 있는 바이러스로서의 역할을 못하는 흔적으로만 남아 있는 형태로 존재하며 이러한 내생(endogenous) retrovirus를 human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)라 부른다. HERV의 각 유전자들은 완성된 활동성을 지닌 바이러스를 만들어 내지는 못하지만 여전히 부분적으로 발현이 가능하고 심지어는 바이러스 particle 까지 만들어지는 것이 관찰되었다. 이러한 내성 retrovirus 에 반해 실질적으로 감염되고 활동하여 질병을 야기하는 외인성(exogenous) retrovirus들이 있는데 이 중 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)는 인간의 생명을 위협하는 대표적 바이러스로 가장 많이 연구되고 있는 바이러스중의 하나이다. 최근 흔적으로만 존재하는 것으로 보고된 HERV가 실질적으로 활성화된 바이러스인 HIV의 감염에 의해 활성화되고 발현이 증가할 뿐 아니라 HIV 감염의 여러 과정에 관여하고 있다는 연구 결과가 보고되고 있다. 또한 이러한 현상을 이용하여 HIV의 백신 및 치료 방법으로 HERV를 이용하고자 하는 시도가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 이 리뷰에서는 HIV 감염에 의한 HERV의 활성화 및 관련 상호 기작에 관한 연구를 소개하고 HERV를 이용한 HIV의 백신 및 치료제 개발을 위한 시도들을 함께 소개하고자 한다.