• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.232-235
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• 1993

We investigated the effect of antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, and sodium azide), which efEectively inhibited the chlorophyll bleaching of Panax ginseng CA Meyer under the high light intensity, treated by folilar wiping on the early stage of photosynthesis and transpiration of ginseng in the 5000 $\mu$mol photon.$m^{-2}$.$s^{-1}$. Ascorbate and glutathione, endogenous antioxidant, completely recovered ginseng from the photoinhibition, but sodium azide, synthetic quencher, showed negative effect. We assumed that endogenous antioxidants could be available to the protection of the leaf-burning phenomenon of ginseng.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.31-45
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• 2011

This study aims to analyze determinants and complementarities of the technological innovation protection mechanisms of Korean manufacturing firms. The results of the inter-industry comparison show that there are differentiations of the determinants among industries. Independence between legal and strategic protection mechanisms is found in the high technology industry, whereas complementarities exist between them in the low technology industry. It implies that the firms should take into account their endogenous and exogenous factors to choose appropriate combinations of the mechanisms when they build up their innovation protection strategies. This study expects to contribute to establishing technological innovation protection strategies in manufacturing industry.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.486-497
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• 2024

Mosaic is the most common viral disease affecting fig plants. Although the Fig mosaic virus is the leading cause of mosaic disease, other viruses are also involved. High-throughput sequencing was used to assess viral infections in fig plants with mosaic. The genomic DNA and total RNAseq of mosaic-symptomatic fig leaves were sequenced using the Illumina platform. The analysis revealed the presence of fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1), grapevine badnavirus 1 (GBV-1), citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), and apple dimple fruit viroid (ADFVd). The FBV-1 and GBV-1 sequences were 7,140 bp and 7,239 bp long, respectively. The two genomes encode one open reading frame containing five major protein domains. The viroids, CEVd and ADFVd, were 397 bp and 305 bp long. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a close relationship between FBV-1 and Iranian isolates of the same species, while GBV-1 was closely related to Russian grapevine badnavirus isolates (Tem64, Blu17, KDH48, and Pal9). CEVd was closely related to other Iraqi isolates, while ADFVd was strongly related to a Spanish isolate. A registered endogenous pararetrovirus, caulimovirus-Fca1, with a size of 7,556 bp, was found in the RNA transcripts with a low expression level. This integrant was also detected in the genomes of the two lines 'Horaishi' (a female line) and 'Caprifig 6085' (a male line). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that caulimovirus-Fca1 was distinct from two other clades of different endogenous virus genera.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.367-383
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• 2024

Purpose - This study theoretically analyzes how the level of political protection (tariff rate) is determined by political processes with conflicting interests and how it changes according to changes in global prices. Design/methodology/approach - For the purpose of the paper, against the backdrop of the apple market, which has recently become a major issue in our society due to the soaring price, we construct a mathematical model that assumes two pressure groups claiming pro-tariff and anti-tariff on the import of apples. Unlike data-based empirical studies, theoretical study has the advantage of generalization to expand related discussions and can derive policy implications from a new perspective. Findings - The analysis shows us that the equilibrium political tariff could rise or fall depending on the degree of risk aversion of the lobbyists. However, what has been clearly shown in our analysis is that domestic apple prices will fluctuate in the same direction as global prices. In other words, it is clear that even though there is a lobby for protection trade, when global prices fall, domestic prices also fall. This fact implies that apple-producing farms can decline even if tariffs on apples increase. Research implications or Originality - As long as the equilibrium political tariff rates are determined through competitive lobbying by interest groups, productive resource use is wasted from the perspective of society as a whole. Due to this waste, it can be inferred that the tariff rate determined endogenously by lobbying activities can lead to loss of welfare compared to the case of the tariff rate level, which is highly determined by the government's unilateral decision.

• Journal of Oriental Physiology
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• v.14 no.2 s.20
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

Ethanol induces compoundhemorrhagic gastric lesions and causes a dose-dependent decrease in the concentration of endogenous nonprotein sulfhydryls in rat gastric mucosa. Sulfhydryl-containing drugs protect rats from ethanol - induced gastric lesions. Based on this findings, we investigated the involvement of sulfhydryl compounds in the antioxidant effects of Puerariae radix, a traditional herbal medicine, against ethanol - induced gastric lesions in the absence and presence of iodoacetamide(IDA. sulfhydryl blocking agent) in rats. respectively. Because of the known role of sulfhydryls in gastric cytoprotection, its role in gastric antioxidation was of intrest. In vitro, Puerariae radix extract(PRE) reduced linoleic acid autooxidation and exert DPPH radical scavenging effect. In vivo. PRE increased antioxidants(SOD, catalase. GSH) and reduced lipid peroxide level in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions. But treatment with PRE plus IDA significantly inhibit the antioxidant effects such as SOD and GSH but did not affect catalase levels. These results suggest that Puerariae radix may play roles in the gastric cytoprotection through antioxidant effects and increase of SOD activity and GSH level are dependent of endogenous sulfhydryls.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.99-104
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• 2008

According to the increase in the use of radiotherapy to cancer patients, many approaches have been tried to develop new agents for the protection of surrounding normal tissues. However, it is still few applied in the clinic as a radioprotector. We aim to find a representative parameter for radioprotection to easily predict the activity of in vivo experiment from the results of in vitro screening. The polysaccharide extracted from Panax ginseng was used in this study because the immunostimulator has been regarded as one of the radioprotective agent category and was already reported having a promising radioprotective activity through the increase of hematopoietic cells and the production of several cytokines. Mitogenic activity, AK cells activity and nitric oxide production were monitored for the in vitro immunological assay, and endogenous colony-forming unit (e-CFU) was measured as in vivo radioprotective parameter. The immunological activity was increased by the galactose contents of ginseng polysaccharide dependently. The result of this study suggests that mitogenic activity of splenocytes demonstrated a good correlation with in vivo radioprotective effect, and may be used as a representative parameter to screen the candidates for radioprotector.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.66-74
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• 2015

Trace elements play crucial role in the maintenance of genome stability in the cells. Many endogenous defense enzymes are containing trace elements such as superoxide dismutase and metalloproteins. These enzymes are contributing in the detoxification of reactive oxidative species (ROS) induced by ionizing radiation in the cells. Zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium are main trace elements that have protective roles against radiation-induced DNA damages. Trace elements in the free salt forms have protective effect against cell toxicity induced by oxidative stress, metal-complex are more active in the attenuation of ROS particularly through superoxide dismutase mimetic activity. Manganese-complexes in protection of normal cell against radiation without any protective effect on cancer cells are more interesting compounds in this topic. The aim of this paper to review the role of trace elements in protection cells against genotoxicity and side effects induced by ionizing radiation.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.208-218
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• 2019

Here, we reported a novel secreted protein elicitor PeBL2 from Brevibacillus laterosporus A60, which can induce hypersensitive response in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). The ion-exchange chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry were performed for identification of protein elicitor. The 471 bp PeBL2 gene produces a 17.22 kDa protein with 156 amino acids containing an 84-residue signal peptide. Consistent with endogenous protein, the recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli induced the typical hypersensitive response (HR) and necrosis in tobacco leaves. Additionally, PeBL2 also triggered early defensive response of generation of reactive oxygen species ($H_2O_2$ and $O_2{^-}$) and systemic resistance against of B. cinerea. Our findings shed new light on a novel strategy for biocontrol using B. laterosporus A60.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.125-148
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• 2009

This study suggests hypothetic models and tests about the mediating effect of volunteer motivation which effects on the personal characteristic of hospice volunteer the participation level of volunteer activities and durability. Also, this study suggest a theoretical base for the seeking of hospice volunteer participation revitalization. This research participated 200 volunteers who attended the Autumn Conference in 2007 and 132 volunteers from five hospice organizations. The summary of research results is that the volunteer motivation of self-protection, career, social, understanding and value are endogenous variable and the 8 paths of Agreeable${\rightarrow}$self-protection, Agreeable${\rightarrow}$career, Neuroticism${\rightarrow}$career, Agreeable${\rightarrow}$social, Agreeable${\rightarrow}$understanding, Agreeable${\rightarrow}$value, Neuroticism${\rightarrow}$value, Extroversion${\rightarrow}$value valid. The path of social motivation${\rightarrow}$the participation level of volunteer activities, understanding motivation ${\rightarrow}$ the participation level of volunteer activities, value motivation${\rightarrow}$the participation level of volunteer activities are valid in the participation level of volunteer activities as an endogenous variable. The path of understanding motivation ${\rightarrow}$ the durability level of volunteer activities, value motivation ${\rightarrow}$ the durability level of volunteer activities, the participation level of volunteer activities ${\rightarrow}$ the durability level of volunteer activities are valid in the durability level of volunteer activities as an endogenous variable. Also, this study test the mediating effect an attended direct effect as the central figure and based on the these results, the revitalizations of hospice volunteer participant are suggested as an proposal.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.331-343
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• 1998

Sublethal dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would induce protection against cardiac ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study examines the following areas: 1) the temporal induction of the cardio-protection produced by LPS; and 2) the relations between a degree of protection and the myocardial prostacyclin ($PGI_2$) production. Rats were administered LPS (2 mg/kg, i.v.), and hearts were removed 1, 4, 8, 14, 24, 48, 72,and 96 h later. Using Langendorff apparatus, haemodynamic differences during 25 min of global ischemia/30 min reperfusion were investigated. The concentration of $PGI_2$ in aliquots of the coronary effluent was determined by radioimmunoassay as its stable hydrolysis product $6-keto-PGF1_{\alpha}$ and lactate dehydrogenase release were measured as an indicative of cellular injury. LPS-induced cardiac protection against I/R injury appeared 4 h after LPS treatment and remained until 96 h after treatment. $PGI_2$ release increased 2-3 fold at the beginning of reperfusion compared to basal level except in hearts treated with LPS for 48 and 72 h. In hearts removed 48 and 72 h after LPS treatment, basal $PGI_2$ was increased. To determine the enzymatic step in relation to LPS-induced basal $PGI_2$ production, we examined prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) protein expression, a rate limiting enzyme of prostaglandin production, by using Western blot analysis. LPS increased PGHS protein expression in hearts at 24, 48, 72, 96 h after LPS treatment. Induction of PGHS expression appeared in both isotypes of PGHS, a constitutive PGHS-1 and an inducible PGHS-2. To identify the correlationship between $PGI_2$ production and the cardioprotective effect against I/R injury, indomethacin was administered in vivo or in vitro. Indomethacin did not inhibit LPS-induced cardioprotection, which was not affected by the duration of LPS treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that $PGI_2$ might not be the major endogenous mediator of LPS-induced cardioprotection.