• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.215-222
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• 1999

Nonylphenol (NP) is a widespread environmental pollutant that has been shown to exert both toxic and estrogenic effects on mammalian cells. As the effects of NP on the reproductive system of adult male vertebrates are virtually unknown, we investigated not only the changes of reproductive hormone secretion in serum after chronic exposure to NP but also, in order to identify the site of its action, the reproductive hormone secretion in serum 48 hours after microinfusion of NP within hypothalamic preoptic area (POA). In the chronic exposure, the luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone in serum were decreased but prolactin (PRL) concentrations were increased. The LH, FSH, and testosterone in serum were decreased through the direct infusion of NP into POA, while there was no difference in mean serum prolactin between NP and control groups. These observations suggest that NP as endocrine disruptor has modulatory effects on hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and that the site of action of NP could be hypothalamic POA.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2000

내분비계 장애물질은 생체내에서 호르몬 등의 내분비계에 영향을 주기 때문에 미량으로도 생식기능에 이상을 가져 올 수 있고, 급ㆍ만성 독성과는 달리 차세대에 그 영향이 발현될 수 있다. 대부분의 내분비계 장애물질은 에스트로겐 유사물질로 알려져 있으며, 내분비계 장애물질의 하나인 bisphenol A (BPA)도 이러한 성질을 가진 물질이다. 본 연구는 BPA가 생쥐의 정자형성과정에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 분석하고자, 농도별 (저농도, 20 mg/kg, 고농도 200 mg/kg) 구강투여를 실시하였다. 정자수와 테스토스테론 농도 및 산자수가 대조군에 비해 처리군에서 점진적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 산자수에서 유의적인 차이(P<0.01)를 나타내었다. 특히 국부적이긴 하지만 세정관 내강에서의 정자세포 소실 양상은 정자수의 감소 원인으로 사료된다. 성성숙 이후 정소에서의 발현이 소실되는 것으로 알려진 TGF-$\beta$계에서는 TGF-$\beta$1이 고농도의 BPA투여시 발현되었지만, 그 외의 리간드와 수용체의 발현은 관찰되지 못했다. 결론적으로 고농도의 BPA노출은 웅성생식계에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 이는 정자형성에 장애를 일으켜 불임을 유발할 수도 있을 것으로 보여진다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.179-202
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• 2013

Bisphenol A and other alkylphenols are widely used in plastic and other industrial consumer products. Release of these compounds into the aquatic environment during their manufacture, use and disposal has been a great scientific and public concern due to their toxicity at high concentrations and endocrine disrupting effects at low concentration on aquatic wildlife and human beings. This paper reviews the published data and researches on the environmental occurrence, distribution, health effects and analytical techniques of bisphenol A and alkylphenols. The aim is to provide an overview of the current understanding about bisphenol A and alkylphenols in the environment and the difficulties faced today in order to establish standard and systematic environmental analysis and assessment process for these endocrine disruptor compounds.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.139-142
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• 2001

Sexual behavior and reproductivity of male fIsh were studied as an in vivo screening method of endocrine disruptors. Male medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to 17$\beta$-estradiol at nominal concentrations of 2 and 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l for 14 days. After exposure of the chemical, sexual behavior between male medaka and normal female which were injected with prostaglandin $F_{2\alpha}$ just before the test, was analysed by using video camera for one hour. Normal control male showed courtship dancing such as following, guarding, dancing and crossing while 17$\beta$-estradiol treated male did not show any type oj courtship dancing. Furthermore, fecundity and fertility were significantly decreased in the treated group. It was suggested that analysis of sexual behavior could be a useful endpoint for the screening of the endocrine disruptors.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2001

To evaluate the arsenic effect of fish endocrine disruption, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were treated with 0.5 mg/L and 3.0 mg/L of As$_2$O$_3$ for 14 days and gonadal development was examined by histological analysis. In ovaries from female crucial carps exposed to 3.0 mg/L, immature follicles and atretic follicles were appeared while various normal developmental stages of oocytes were shown in control group. Body weight and Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of treated carp were also decreased compared to control group. However, no other significant histological changes in liver or kidney were shown in this exposure scheme. This means that reproductive organs are more sensitive than other organs and arsenic may exert endocrine disrupting effect through inhibiting the development of reproductive organ in fish.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Molecular and Cellular Response to Toxic Substances
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• pp.170-170
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• 2002

Phenxoy compounds, 2,4-Dichlorophenol acetoxyacid (2,4-D) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), are widely used as a herbicide and intermediate for pesticide manufacturing, respectively. In order to assess the potential of these compounds as endocrine disruptors, we studied the androgenicity of them using in vivo and in vitro assay system.(omitted)

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1309-1313
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• 2009

내분비교란물질은 일상생활에서 쉽게 발견되는 화학물질이다. Bisphenol A, DDT, benzophenone, phenylphenol 등과 같은 화학물질들은 플라스틱 식품용기나 살충제 등을 통해서 체내에 흡수된다. 내분비교란물질은 내분비계의 정상적인 기능을 방해하기 때문에 인체에 해로우며, 매우 독성이 강한 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 내분비교란물질은 심혈관계, 생식계, 신경계뿐만 아니라 인체의 여러 기관에 심각한 타격을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 benzophenone과 같은 내분비교란물질이 계배의 발생과정에 영향을 미치고, 계배의 기형을 유도하는지를 알아보고자 하였다. Benzophenone $1{\mu}g$/egg에서 $500{\mu}g$/egg까지를 투여한 후 부화기에서 발생을 유도한 후 각각 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21일째마다 확인하였다. 체장의 경우에는 중용량($40{\mu}g$/egg $\sim$ $60{\mu}g$/egg)에서 감소가 시작되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 고용량의 실험군($80{\mu}g$/egg $\sim$ $500{\mu}g$/egg)에서는 높은 사망률을 보였으며, 부리 이상이나 안구 기형과 같은 기형의 징후를 발견할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 benzophenone은 계배의 기형을 유도하며, 발생단계에서 심각한 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.1147-1151
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• 2007

Biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting bisphenol A was investigated with several white rot fungi (Irpex lacteus, Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Polyporellus brumalis, Pleurotus eryngii, Schizophyllum commune) isolated in Korea and two transformants of T. versicolor (strains MrP 1 and MrP 13). I. lacteus degraded 99.4% of 50 mg/l bisphenol A in 3 h incubation and 100% in 12 h incubation. which was the highest degradation rate among the fungal strains tested. T. versicolor degraded 98.2% of 50 mg/l bisphenol A in 12 h incubation. Unexpectedly, the transformant of the Mn-repressed peroxidase gene of T. versicolor, strain MrP 1, degraded 76.5% of 50 mg/l bisphenol A in 12 h incubation, which was a lower degradation rate than wild-type T. versicolor. The removal of bisphenol A by I. lacteus occurred mainly by biodegradation rather than adsorption. Optimum carbon sources for biodegradation of bisphenol A by I. lacteus were glucose and starch, and optimum nitrogen sources were yeast extract and tryptone in a minimal salts medium; however, bisphenol A degradation was higher in nutrient-rich YMG medium than that in a minimal salts medium. The initial degradation of endocrine disruptors was accompanied by the activities of manganese peroxidase and laccase in the culture of I. lacteus.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.403-406
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• 2004

Environmental endocrine disruptors (EDs) are toxic, hormone-like chemicals which can be found in our normal daily life. We have examined if EDs can inhibit the monocellular microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria or if the growth of lactic acid bacteria could be resistant to the endocrine disruptors. We have used Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei (KCTC No. 3165) as an experimental strain and bisphenol A, benzophenone and phenylphenol for the comparison purpose. Experiments included the evaluation of turbidity, absorbance and actual cell counts. We found that No.3165 was somewhat resistant to EDs naturally, however, high concentration of EDs could inhibit the growth of No. 3165 completely. Different EDs showed different spectrum of inhibit. This study should contribute to the development of more resistant lactic acid bacteria to EDs and to the development of functional fermented beverage.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2006

Many of endocrine disrupting chemicals induce effects via interaction with hormone receptors and responsive elements in target cells. We investigated endocrine disrupting effects of some food additives and contaminants including BHA, BHT, ethoxyquin, propionic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, CPM, aflatoxin B1, cadmium chloride, genistein, TCDD and PCBs in yeast transformants expressing human steroid hormone receptors along with steroid responsive elements. The response limit of genetically recombinant yeast to $17{\beta}$-estradiol, testosterone and progesterone was $1{\times}10^{-16},\;1{\times}10^{-12}\;and\;1{\times}10^{-13}M$, respectively. BHT induced weak transcriptional activity in estrogen sensitive yeast, while BHA and sorbic acid interacted weakly with androgen receptor/responsive element. CPM induced transcriptional activities in all types of yeasts sensitive to steroid hormones. Zearalenone and genistein induced high transcriptional activation in estrogen sensitive yeast with relative potencies almost $10^8$ folds lower than $17{\beta}$-estradiol. TCDD induced transcriptional activation weakly in estrogen- and progesterone- sensitive yeasts. This study elucidated that recombinant yeast is a sensitive and high-throughput system and can be used for the direct assessment on chemical interactions with steroid receptors and responsive elements. Also, the present study raises the requirement of evaluation on the endocrine disrupting effects of BHT, BHA, sorbic acid, CPM and TCDD for their transcription activity in yeast screening system though weak in intensity.