• 치과방사선
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.373-378
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• 1993

저자들은 희귀한 하악과두의 골연골종으로 진단 내려진 27세 남성 환자에서 아래와 같은 사항을 관찰하였다. 1. 임상적으로 좌측안면부의 비대칭과, 교합이상 그리고 저작 시 좌측 악관절의 동통이 있었다. 2. 방사선학적으로 좌측과두에 내측으로 균일한 방사선불투과성의 종괴가 보였으며, 좌측 하악지 길이의 증가 및 우측으로의 하악 변위가 관찰되었다. 또 골스캔상에서 좌측 악관절부위의 hot spot이 관찰되었다. 3. 조직병리학적으로 불규칙한 골의 형성과 연골모를 볼 수 있었다.

• 대한구강악안면병리학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2017

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) is one of the multi-functional secreted proteins which belong to CCN family of cysteine-rich growth factors. CTGF is known to have pivotal roles in embryonic endochondral ossification but its role in relevance to periodontitis is never been determined. To identify new molecular mediators associated with periodontitis-induced bone resorption, we have analyzed publicly available GEO database and found the markedly augmented CTGF mRNA expression in periodontitis gingival tissues. The existence of CTGF significantly enhanced mature osteoclasts survival which accompanied by reduction in TUNEL-positive nuclei and PARP cleavage. These results may provide another line of evidence the CTGF mediated prolonged osteoclast survival and subsequent increased bone resorption in the periodontitis patients.

• BMB Reports
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• 제56권9호
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• pp.496-501
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• 2023

Elongation of most bones occur at the growth plate through endochondral ossification in postnatal mammals. The maturation of chondrocyte is a crucial factor in longitudinal bone growth, which is regulated by a complex network of paracrine and endocrine signaling pathways. Here, we show that a phytochemical sulfuretin can stimulate hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo. We found that sulfuretin stabilized nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), stimulated its transcriptional activity, and induced expression of its target genes. Sulfuretin treatment resulted in an increase in body length of zebrafish larvae and induced the expression of chondrocyte markers. Consistently, a clinically available Nrf2 activator, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), induced the expression of hypertrophic chondrocyte markers and increased the body length of zebrafish. Importantly, we found that chondrocyte gene expression in cell culture and skeletal growth in zebrafish stimulated by sulfuretin were significantly abrogated by Nrf2 depletion, suggesting that such stimulatory effects of sulfuretin were dependent on Nrf2, at least in part. Taken together, these data show that sulfuretin has a potential use as supporting ingredients for enhancing bone growth.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.287-305
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• 2001

태생기 성장골에 출현하는 연골관은 골화와 무관하고 영양분을 공급하는 통로라 하였고 일부 학자들은 연골관 말단부에서 골화가 일어남을 발표하였다. 추체에서 연골관은 골화중심부 출현이전에 나타나 전 태생기동안 존재하기 때문에 연골관과 골화와의 관계를 관찰하는 것은 골화과정을 이해하는데 의의 있는 일이라 사료된다. 본 연구는 연골관이 추체연골부 골화중심부 출현에서부터 골화가 진행하는 과정에 어떠한 역할을 하는가를 전자현미경으로 관찰하여 새로운 지견을 얻었기에 그 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 좌고 60mm(태령 12주)때 추체에 연골관이 출현하기 시작하였고, 80mm(13주)때 추체 중앙부에는 석회화연골세포와 비대연골세포로 구성된 석회화소가 출현하였으며 심연골관이 비대연골세포대에서 관찰되었다. 비대연골세포의 형태는 다양하였고 불규칙하게 배열하고 있었다. 심연골관의 끝부분에는 골형성세포, 골모세포 및 파연골세포들이 관찰되었고 이것이 1차 골화중심부 출현이었다. 비석회화 연골기질은 연골관내에 존재한 혈관주위 결합조직들에 의해 주로 흡수되었고 파연골세포에의한 석회화 연골기질의 흡수는 활발하지 많음을 볼 수 있었다. 120mm(16주)때 추체 연골내골화가 전 후방으로 진행되었고 전 후방 연골막에서 막내골화가 시작되어 막성골층판이 신생되었다. 결론적으로 추체의 골화과정은 장골의 골단연골의 골화과정과 유사하였고, 특히 추체에 출현하는 연골관의 주위에 존재하는 결합조직성 세포들이 골형성세포 및 골모세포로 분화 발육하여 신생골이 형성됨을 알 수 있었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2016

Engineered bone tissue is thought to be the ideal alternative for bone grafts in the treatment of related bone diseases. BMP9 has been demonstrated as one of the most osteogenic factors, and enhancement of BMP9-induced osteogenesis will greatly accelerate the development of bone tissue engineering. Here, we investigated the effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) on BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation, and unveiled a possible molecular mechanism underling this process. We found that IGF1 and BMP9 are both detectable in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Exogenous expression of IGF1 potentiates BMP9-induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP), matrix mineralization, and ectopic bone formation. Similarly, IGF1 enhances BMP9-induced endochondral ossification. Mechanistically, we found that IGF1 increases BMP9-induced activation of BMP/Smad signaling in MSCs. Our findings demonstrate that IGF1 can enhance BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation in MSCs, and that this effect may be mediated by the enhancement of the BMP/Smad signaling transduction triggered by BMP9.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.261-270
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• 2004

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the histological changes and the pattern of expression of type I, II collagen in the elongated area by distraction osteogenesis in the rabbit mandible. Sixteen rabbits weighing 2.5kg-3kg were used for this experiment. Experimental group was distracted at the rate of 0.7mm, twice/day for 7days, and control group was only osteotomized. After 5 days latency, osteotomic site is distracted for 7days. Consolidation period is 28days. The animal was sacrificed at the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th day after the operation. The distracted bone was examined by histological analysis and RT-PCR analysis. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Experimental group was observed that the gaps between the distracted bone edges were occupied by new bone. 2. Expression of Type I collagen were detected throughout the experiment in both groups and Expression of Type I collagen were markedly increased during distraction and consolidation period in experimental group than control group. 3. Expression of Type II collagen were detected throughout the experiment in both groups and expression of Type II collagen were maintained at high level during distraction and consolidation period in experimental group than control group. From these results, in contrast to type II collagen, type I collagen seemed to be more expressed by mechanical stimuli during distraction and consolidation period. The predominent mechanism of new bone formation in the distraction gap was intramembranous bone formation, but some of the regenerated bone was formed by endochondral ossification.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.139-147
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• 2007

Although transforming growth factors (TGFs) are implicated in the process of endochondral ossification, which is initiated by the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, it is not clear how $TGF-{\beta}3$ regulates the chondrogenic differentiation of limb bud mesenchymal cells. Here, differential display polymerase chain reaction (DD-PCR) screening and RT-PCR analysis revealed that transcripts of A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM 10) decreased during the chondro-inhibitory action of $TGF-{\beta}3$ on cultured chick leg bud mesenchymal cells. Electroporation of ADAM 10 morpholino antisense oligonucleotides inhibited the ectodomain shedding of delta-1, and cell proliferation and subsequent precartilage condensation, in a manner similar to that caused by $TGF-{\beta}3$. The suppression of mesenchymal cell proliferation induced by $TGF-{\beta}3$ and ADAM 10 morpholino antisense oligonucleotides was reversed by activation of ADAM 10 with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or knockdown of Notch-1 with siRNA. Collectively, these data indicate that, in cultured chick leg bud mesenchyme cells, $TGF-{\beta}3$ downregulates ADAM 10 and inhibits cell proliferation and subsequent precartilage condensation by inhibiting the ectodomain shedding of delta-1, and that this results in the activation of Notch signaling.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2006

Objectives : Deer antler Water Extract(DAE), prepared from the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe (Nokyong), a traditional immuno-suppressive and immuno-activating Korean herbal-acupuncture, is thought to play an important role in human bone remodeling. Methods : To determine whether DAE can induce the differentiation of resting zone chondrocytes(RC) or not, confluent cell cultures were pretreated for 24, 36, 48, 72, and 120hrs with DAE. At the end of pretreatment, the media were replaced with new media containing $10^{-10}{\sim}10^{-8}M\;1,25-(OH)_2D_3$ and the cells incubated for an additional 24hrs. Results : This second treatment was chosen because prior studies had shown that only the more mature growth zone chondrocytes(GC) respond to this vitamin $D_3$ metabolite. The effect of DAE pretreatment on cell maturation was confirmed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALPase)-specific activity. Changes in matrix protein synthesis were examined by measuring collagen synthesis, as well as $^{35}SO_4$ incorporation into proteoglycans. When RC cells were pretreated for 120h with DAE, treatment with $1,25-(OH)_2D_3$ caused a dose-dependent increase in ALPase-specific activity and collagen synthesis, however, the proteoglycan production was not affected. RC cells pretreated with $1,25-(OH)_2D_3$ responded like RC cells that had not received any pretreatment. Conclusion : These results indicate that DAE directly regulates the maturation of RC chondrocytes into GC chondrocytes. Therefore it was indicated that DAE may play a significant role in regulating chondrocyte maturation during endochondral ossification.

• 대한구강악안면병리학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2018

A 57 years old female complained of severe pain on the right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) area. Her right condyle had been partly resected under surgical operation 13 years ago due to condyle hypertrophy, thereafter she felt dull pain on TMJ area and recently the lesion became severely swelled and painful leading to cancer phobia. The present radiological views showed slightly enlarged and sclerosed condyle with increased radiopacity, but its articular sliding function was almost disable during mouth opening. The patient's TMJ lesion was carefully managed with conservative physiotherapy and pain treatment. The microsection of condyle head obtained from the previous operation was re-evaluated histologically, and it was finally diagnosed as osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD), exhibiting hyperplastic proliferation of cartilage in condyle head and marked vascular dilatation in epiphyseal zone. This abnormal cartilage tissue was distinguishable from normal cartilage tissue found in the peripheral cartilaginous cap of the same microsection. The involved cartilage cap showed thick hypertrophic chondrocyte zone with horizontal and vertical clefts accompanying diffuse hyaline degeneration. The superficial fibrous zone of cartilage cap was thickened and frequently peeled off, while lower hypertrophic zone of cartilage cap was highly cellular and proliferative. Consequently, the endochondral ossification became aberrant and resulted pre-mature apoptosis of many hypertrophic chondrocytes, followed by diffuse and mild inflammatory reaction in the underlying marrow tissue. Therefore, it was suggested that this hypertrophic condyle lesion, OCD, be differentiated depending on radiological and histological features from ordinary condyle hyperplasia, osteochondroma, and osteoarthritis, and that the pathological confirmation of OCD may provide a reliable modality for dental and medical treatment of chronic and painful TMJ lesion.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.187-196
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• 1996

치아 위치에 영향을 미치는 악안면의 성장 발육에서 Meckel 연골발생전 후의 하악골 형성과정과 교원 단백질 분포 및 발현 정도를 알아보고자 좌고를 측정하여 태령을 결정한 후 4주부터 38 주까지 50 례의 배자와 태아를 대상으로 통법에 따른 조직절편을 제작하였으며 Hematoxylin과 Eosin, Alcian blue-PAS와 Goldner의 Masson Trichrome 염색, 그리고 제 1 형과 제 2 형 교원 단백질에 대한 면역조직화학 염색을 시행하였다. 좌고 20.5 mm 배자에서 Meckel 연골이 출현하였으며, 좌고 22 mm에서 38 mm까지 하악골 외방에 신생골을 형성하고, 좌고 60 mm태아에서 Meckel 연골이 점유하던 공간이 신생골로 채워져 연골내골화가 뚜렸하게 관찰되었으나, 좌고 240 mm에서 Meckel 연골이 거의 소실되었다. 교원질에 대한 면역 염색결과에서 Meckel 연골 출현전 제 1 형 교원질 발현은 주로 상, 하악돌기의 구강상피에 국한되어 관찰되었고 제 2 형 교원질 발현은 상대적으로 약간 적었다. Meckel 연골 출현 및 신생골 형성시기는 제 1 형 교원질이 주로 치제상피와 신생골에서 약양성의 발현을 보였으며 Meckel 연골 및 신생골에서는 제 1 형보다 제 2 형의 교원질이 많이 발현되었다. 막내골화시기에는 제 1 형 교원질이 골아세포 및 골기질에서 중등도로 발현되었으나, 제 2 형에서는 경미하게 나타나 Meckel 연골형성전 후 제 2형에서 제 1 형으로 발현 전환이 있었다.