• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.456-465
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to investigate the aerodynamic losses of high pressure steam turbine nozzle (526A) subjected to a large range of incident angles ($-34^{\circ}\;to\;26^{\circ}$) and exit Mach numbers (0.6 and 1.15). Measurements included downstream Pitot probe traverses, upstream total pressure, and end wall static pressures. Flow visualization techniques such as shadowgraph and color oil flow visualization were performed to complement the measured data. When the exit Mach number for nozzles increased from 0.9 to 1.1 the total pressure loss coefficient increased by a factor of 7 as compared to the total pressure losses measured at subsonic conditions ($M_2<0.9$). For the range of incidence tested, the effect of flow incidence on the total pressure losses is less pronounced. Based on the shadowgraphs taken during the experiment, it' s believed that the large increase in losses at transonic conditions is due to strong shock/ boundary layer interaction that may lead to flow separation on the blade suction surface.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.996-1000
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• 2002

A porous tube, comprised of a resin-coated woven fabric has recently been used as an effective component for use in intake systems of internal combustion engines to reduce the intake roaring. For the prediction of the acoustic performance of an engine intake system with a porous woven hose, the acoustic wall impedance of the hose must be known. Because of its peculiar acoustical and structural characteristics, the accurate measurement of the wall impedance ofa porous woven hose is not easy. A new measurement technique is proposed herein, that is valid over the low to mid frequency ranges. The acoustics impedance is inversely estimated from an overdetermined set of measured pressure transmission coefficients for specimens of different lengths and the reflection coefficient of end termination. The method involves only one measurement, and, as a result, it is very simple. The measured TL for samples with arbitrary conditions, arbitrary porous frequency, arbitrary length, and arbitrary mean flow condition, are in reasonably good agreement with values predicted from curve-fitted impedance data.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2005

The tumble or swirl flow is used to promote mixing of air and fuel in the cylinder and to enlarge turbulent intensity in the end of the compression stroke. Since the in-cylinder flow is a kind of transient state with rapid flow variation, which is non-steady state flow, the tumble or swirl flow has not been analyzed sufficiently whether they are applicable to combustion theoretically. In the investigation of intake turbulent characteristics using PIV method, typical flow characteristics were figured out by SCV configurations. An engine installed SCV had higher vorticity and turbulent strength by fluctuation and turbulent kinetic energy than a baseline engine, especially near the cylinder wall and lower part of the cylinder. Above all, the engine with SCV 8 was superior to the others in aspect of vorticity and turbulent strength. For energy dissipation, a baseline engine had much higher energy loss than the engine installed SCV because flow impinged on the cylinder wall. Consequently, as swirl flow was added to existing tumble flow, it was found that fluctuation increased and flow energy was conserved effectively through the experiment.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2016

Purpose: Arterial injury in children is a challenging problem for its special characteristics. It is rare even during warfare. This review described a personal experience in the management and outcome of acute pediatric arterial injuries of extremities. Methods: Thirty-six children below age of 13 years were studied during period from 2004 through 2014 in Iraq. Results: Male patients were 27 (75%) and female were 9 (25%). Seven to twelve years old was the most affected age group. The incidence of iatrogenic injuries was greater in infants and toddlers while penetrating injuries were the most common in older children. Upper limbs arteries were affected in 17 (47.2%) and lower limb in 19 (52.8%) patients. Hard signs were the commonest mode of presentation (83.3%). Lateral wall tear and complete transection were the most frequent types of arterial injury (36.1% and 27.8% respectively). The most frequent procedures performed were end-to-end anastomosis and lateral arteriorrhaphy. Surgical outcome was good. In 27 cases distal pulsations were regained. Seven cases had impalpable distal pulses but still viable limbs. Limb length discrepancy was detected in one case. One case was complicated with limb loss. No death was recorded. Conclusion: Arterial injuries in children are age related. The proper treatment of arterial injuries in children requires high index of suspicion, early operative intervention and continuous postoperative follow-up throughout years of active growth. Angiogram has a limited role as a diagnostic tool in acute arterial injuries.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.397-418
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• 1994

Microvascular surgery has been widely used in the clinical field of replantation and reconstructive surgery. Since the last 20 years, microsurgical techniques and instruments have been rapidly developed and the success rate is remarkably increased. But thrombotic occlusion of vessels remains the major reason for clinical failure. The change of vessel wall is the most important factor in thrombus formation. If we can reduce the traumatic changes in the vessel walls during surgery, the success rate can be markedly increased. For this study, femoral arteries and veins of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats with average weights of 300gm were used. The author observed the histological changes and healing process in the anastomostic site after 1 hour, 24 hours, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results were as follows : 1. The patency rate was 100% in femoral arteries and 85% in femoral vein. 2. At the early stages after microvascular anastomosis, the loss of endothelial cell in the vessel walls was observed in the wide area including anastomotic site. In scanning electron microscopic finding the anastomotic site was covered with much fibrin, many red blood cells and some platelets. 3. At 1st week, new endothelial cells were formed toward anastomotic site and at 3rd week, the anastomotic site was completely covered by new endothelial cells. At 4th week, the complete endothelialization over the threads was observed. 4. The media extended from the anastomotic site toward the end of the specimen. At later stages, the extent of media necrosis was markedly decreased. But the media necrosis of anastomotic site was not regenerated till 4th week. 5. Intimal hyperplasia appeared at 1st week and increased till 4th week. The layer consisted of endothelialization the most luminal layers and smooth muscle in the deeper layers. But in veins, the response was less pronounced than in arteries. 6. Foreign body granuloma remained during 4 weeks and aneurysm was observed at 3rd week in artery. In aneurismal wall, media necrosis, loss of elastic lamina and intimal hyperplasia were seen.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1997

Heat-transfer enhancement is seeked through modifications of fin surface. Real life plate-fin heat exchangers have complex three-dimensional geometries. Fins can have arrays of dimples and are attached to rows of penetrating tubes. To isolate the effect of surface modification, we model the real flow by a two-dimensional channel flow with a dimple on one side. The flow is analysed by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation by a finite volume method on a generalized boundary-fitted coordinate. Results show a trapped vortex inside the dimple for all cases computed. Local maximum of Nusselt number occurs near the downstream end of the dimple, due to such a vortex. Location of the vortex does not change with respect to the wall temperature change, but moved downstream when Reynolds number increases. This, together with the results that in all cases vortex core is somewhat downstream of the dimple center, suggests that the mean flow above continuously feeds the kinetic energy to the recirculating flow. Heat transfer enhancement and pressure losses are studied through analysing the relevant dimensionless parameters like, Nusselt number and friction factor. In all cases computed, dimpled channel flow experiences less pressure loss than two-dimensional Poiseuille flow.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.175-178
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• 2021

The umbilicus is an important aesthetic component of the abdomen; therefore, its absence is both cosmetically and psychologically distressing to the patient. However, loss of the umbilicus during abdominal surgical procedures is often unavoidable. Umbilical reconstruction is aimed at obtaining a natural, three-dimensional appearance. We propose a simple method for immediate umbilical reconstruction with good long-term results. This technique was used successfully on a patient who underwent tumor excision. A 49-year-old woman presented with a large mass, measuring 5.8×4.0 cm, on her umbilicus. The mass, an epidermal cyst, developed after laparoscopic uterine myomectomy 5 years earlier. Complete excision of the mass resulted in a large defect, and immediate umbilical reconstruction was planned. Our procedure involved apposing and anchoring two opposing flaps onto the abdominal wall, so that the umbilicus would retain its depth over a long period of time. Negative-pressure wound therapy was applied for 72 hours as a mild compressive dressing. No complications were encountered. The healing process was uneventful and the aesthetic outcome was pleasing; a natural-appearing navel was created. The patient was satisfied with the end result. This technique provides a permanent and sufficient depression for the umbilicus.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.989-996
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• 2017

제안된 지향성 펜슬빔 안테나는 절곡된 타원 도체평판을 갖는 도파관 급전부와 포물형 곡면 반사판으로 구성되어 있다. 반사판 뒤에서 삽입된 급전 도파관의 종단 부근 광벽에 위치한 두 개의 사각형 개구는 반사판 초점에 위치하며, 절곡된 타원 평판으로 전자파 에너지를 방출시킨다. 이 평판은 전자파 에너지를 일차 반사시키며, 주 반사판을 향하도록 설계되어 있다. 도파관 종단에 위치한 두 사각형 개구는 안테나 시스템의 임피던스 정합을 위해서 안쪽으로 돌출된 탭을 가지는데, 탭의 형태는 잘려진 타원형이다. 제안된 포물형 반사판 안테나의 반사판의 직경은 400 mm, 촛점은 134.23 mm 이며, 사용 중심주파수 16.5 GHz에서 안테나이득은 33.68 dBi, 3 dB 빔폭은 $3.3^{\circ}$, 반사손실 -15 dB 사용대역폭은 1.0 GHz 이상이 되도록 설계하여, HFSS-IE를 사용하여 검증하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1377-1387
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• 1968

In order to measure runoff and soil losses produced in a small test plot during rainfall, it is usually insufficient to use a tank only, necessitating the combined use of a main tank and a subsidiary tank. Accordingly. exact measurement largely depends on how to connect those two measuring tanks. The main purpose of this thesis is to improve the connecting parts of two measuring tanks so as to assure exact measurement of runoff and soil losses. In this experiment, two types of main tank, i. e. A-type and B-type, were used. A-type is a square tank having a flume at its end. At the flume, ten apertures are provided by using metal columns so as to be able to catch one tenth of total muddy flow discharging at the end of the flume, One tenth of total flow is led to the subsidiary tank through a slot sampler fixed to an aperture. B-type differes in that its flume does not have apertures and slot sampler is fixed directly to the end of the flume, other features being the same as those of A-type. Discharge volumes were measured by using weighing tanks and compared. The effect of baffle screen provided in the flume was also observed in connection with exact measurements. In order to keep main tank and its flume in a horizontal position, bolts and nuts mechanism was used. Vertical and horizontal screens were provided in the main to prevent coarse sands coming into the flume. The conclusion derived through this experiment is as follows: (1) The discharge through slot sampler at each aperture is almost the same for A-type. However, it is slightly more than one tenth of total discharge volume. (2) In case that baffle screen is provided in the flume of A-type tank, the discharge volume of slot sampler is less than that of the same type without screen. (3) For B-type tank, slot sampler discharge increases as slot sampler nears toward the center of flume. (4) When baffle screen is provided in the flume of B-type, slot sampler discharge is less than that of the same type without screen, and this phenomenon is more apparent as compared with A-type. (5) In case that the slot width of slot sampler for B-type is one inch, slot sampler discharge exceeds one tenth of total discharge volume. (6) When the slot width for B-type is 15/16 inch and slot sampler is fixed 3/8 inch apart from either flume wall, slot sampler discharge is approximately equal to one tenth of total discharge volume.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.74-85
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• 2020

경상남도 남해군의 가천마을 다랑이논은 한국의 산업기반형 역사문화 명승 중 가장 먼저 지정된 환경이며 지금까지도 농업활동을 수반하는 유일한 대상이다. 이곳의 기반환경인 석축은 그 특성상 자연적, 인위적 변형이 될 수밖에 없는 한계를 보유하나 이제까지 그 상황을 고찰한 연구가 전무한 실정이었다. 이에 본 연구는 2020년 5월 말을 기준으로 명승 지정범위의 약 30%에 달하는 조사가능 하부영역의 훼손 실태를 정량적, 정성적 측면에서 조사, 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 조사 대상환경 내 다랑이논 석축의 물리적 훼손을 드러내는 유실상태는 해안가 주변과 경사가 높은 북쪽 지역, 관광안내소와 주차장 인근 등에서 특히 심각하였다. 반면 석축 훼손의 정성적 측면은 마을 및 주차장 등과 인접한 석축에서 이질적 재료로 보수한 양상이 눈에 띄게 나타났으며, 거주지와 멀리 격리된 환경에서 식물의 피복으로 인한 경관 훼손 양상이 크게 발견되었다. 아울러 경사, 표고, 토양 등 자연환경요소들은 석축의 물리적 훼손 정도와 밀접한 관계성을 보여주는바, 경사가 급할수록, 표고가 높을수록, 토양 배수가 양호할수록 그 영향은 큰 특징을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 경작 활동, 관리 주체 등의 인문환경요소가 석축의 물리적 훼손 및 명승 관리에 중요한 인자를 이룬다는 것을 시사한다. 따라서 향후 다랑이논과 석축의 보존을 위해서는 농업용수의 확보 및 토양개량 등 농업환경 개선과 함께 지역 거주민과 함께하는 관리방안의 모색이 필수적이라고 판단된다.