• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.507-520
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• 2008

The two districts, 'Xita' and 'Manrong' in Shenyang City, the cases of this study, form ethnic enclave economies revolving around small business enterprises run by Korean Chinese. This ethnic enclave economy appeared as Korean Chinese came to have 'double ethnic resources'-Korean Chinese and Koreans living in China, and to play the role of middlemen. This was helped by the Chinese government's encouragement(to attract the capitals of South Korea), and the experiences of Korean Chinese who had played in South Korea. This 'double ethnic enclave economy' has put Korean Chinese in a position where they cooperate with Koreans in China on the one hand, but are forced to compete with them on the other. For the development of a Chinese Korean economy, therefore, it is needed to enhance the cooperation with Koreans living in China within the ethnic enclave economies and at the same time to increase economic activities outside of the enclave economy.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.376-389
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• 2012

Ethnic entrepreneurship, an important means by which immigrants improve economic status, is widely believed to be facilitated by their residential concentration, i.e. ethnic enclaves. However, the recent immigrants' residential dispersion and re-clustering in some selected well-to-do suburbs portend changes in the role of ethnic enclave as a nest of immigrant entrepreneurship. This paper investigates the impacts of the residential dispersal on ethnic entrepreneurship with a case study of Korean small businessmen in Chicago, Illinois PMSA. The research utilizes the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) to know the overall changes in Korean entrepreneurship through 1990s and conducts a survey to understand reactions and surviving strategies of Korean enclave businessmen to the residential shifts. Relevant to those analyses is the enclave-economy hypothesis which argues benefit from spatial clustering of co-ethnic entrepreneurs by yielding more business opportunities and higher returns.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.876-891
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• 2014

Previous studies of ethnic enclaves did not provide an adequate explanation of the geographical contexts and spatial implications of industrial production systems, as a result of emphasizing ethnic networks with stagnant participation from geographers. The objective of this study was to identify and examine the formation mechanism of Korean ethnic enclaves through the case of Bom Retiro's Korean garment industrial district in Brazil, specifically by performing an integrated review of the development path of Bom Retiro, the garment industry's production systems, and ethnic networks. The research findings indicated that the formation of this region's ethnic enclave was indeed highly influenced by ethnic networks; however, it was also affected by the development path of the region as a migrant garment industrial district and spatial convergence pertaining to the production systems of garment industries. Moreover, the formation of Bom Retiro's ethnic enclave also involved active participation of non-ethnic immigrant communities and local Brazilians.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.30-48
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• 2002

Phenocrysts with rapakivi texture are easily observed in Bangeojin granite. The rapakivi texture is composed of inner pinkish alkali feldspars and white-colored mantling plagioclase. The Bangeojin granite distinctively includes lots of mafic microgranular enclaves and can be divided into five rock facies: (1) enclave-poor granite (EPG); (2) enclave-rich granite (ERG); (3) mafic microgranular enclave (MME); (4) hybrid zone between mafic microgranular enclave and granite (HZ); (5) hybrid zone-like enclaves (HLE). The rapakivi textures are observed in these five rock facies with no difference in shape and size. Plagioclase mantle commonly shows dendritic texture that is an important indicator to know the rapakivi genesis. The mantling texture would indicate supercooling condition during magma solidification process. In addition, mafic microgranular enclaves would imply the magma mingling environment. The magma mixing process had possibly caused the mantling texture. An abundance of rapakivi phenocrysts in HZ and the influxing phenomenon of the phenocrysts into MME support that there were physical chemical exchanges during the mingling. And this model of the magma mixing/mingling explain well the heterogeneous distribution of the rapakivi phenocrysts in the five rock facies. Therefore the rapakivi textures in the Bangeojin granite would have been formed by magma mixing process.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.339-351
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• 1999

Petrographic and palaeomagnetic studies have been conducted to understand the origin of dark-colored enclaves occurring in the hornblende biotite granite within the Wondong caldera. The enclaves are commonly elongted and rounded in shape. They are finer-grained and darker-colored than enclosing granite, but they have simliar mineral assemblage to that of granite. Under the microscope the enclaves show microstructures reflecting an igneius origin. The microstructures of igneous origin include elongate grain shapes of plagioclase, hornblende, apatite, poikilitic anhedral quartz and zoning of plagiclase. All above features indicate that the enclaves belong to the 'microgranitoid enclaves' of Vernon (1984). a total of 91 orirnted samples were drilled from 4 sites, and their AMS (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) axis directions and remance components were analyzed. The result shows thar both enclave and host granite have same AMS priniciple axis direction and same remanence magnetic direction in each site. The result of this study suggests that the anclaves were derived from the globules of magma, which were formed by pillowing of synpltonic dike of magma that is more mafic than the host granite magma.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.211-223
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• 2013

Massive migration is underway in rapidly urbanizing Guangzhou, the south gate of P. R. China. Over half the migrants choose to rent in "villages-in-the-city" in the downtown area because of the low-cost and prime location. The overpopulation and resulting poor environment and high crime-rate turn villages-in-the-city into de facto ghettos. As a result, these ghettos are undergoing a manner of demolition-development, leaving migrants' housing needs unmet. A private-sector initiative-the Tulou Commune-intends to address this considerable market potential. Targeting low-income groups, the Tulou Commune creates a socio-spatially exclusionary enclave. This paper analyzes the Tulou Commune and the implications if more low-income migrants shifting from village-in-the-city (excluded ghetto) to Tulou Commune (exclusionary enclave). This study argues that the intervention of the private sector causes the demographic, social, and spatial similarities and differences of the two living arrangements. Socioeconomic and institutional factors also affect the initiative. This study also provides more empirical evidence in the field of low-cost housing and socio-spatial development in transitional Chinese cities. As the first project of its kind, the analysis of the case can suggest how to improve strategies for accommodating migrants in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.81-90
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• 2009

This study seeks those elements that form a sense of place in Yen-Ben Street, which represents a typical ethnic enclave in Seoul, to provide a basic resource in the creation of an urban landscape that can provide a positive space for cultural diversity. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: First, the element of a physical environment that develops a sense of place was in fact the poor dwellings that correspond to the economic condition of Korean Chinese. While this element has a negative cognition to outsiders, Korean Chinese feel positively toward it. Secondly, signboards were a physical element of sense of place which retains cultural identity as a means of communication inside the community. Thirdly, it was found that activities such as shopping, recreation, and the exchange of information that are found in the pursuit of daily life act as an essential element in the formation of a sense of place even more than architectural elements. Fourthly, the appropriation of space by Korean Chinese and the isolation from the surroundings were obvious. This isolation is perceived as a negative sense of place formation to outsiders in Yen-Ben Street. Fifthly, the aspects of cultural dualism, mingling the concepts of home country, language, writing, and food have also affected the formation of a sense of place in the area. Sixthly, transience was a prominent phenomenon of Yen-Ben Street and is strengthened by illegal immigration. Although transience causes negative impacts such as in a lack of concern for the residential environment, it acts as a positive factor in the sense of place by mitigating uneasiness, and strengthening insider ties and cooperation.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.142-168
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• 2000

The granites distributed in the Kyongsang basin contain the rocks which are different from the host rocks, and they are known as magic microgranular enclaves. The genesis of the magic micro-granular enclaves can be divided into four types: (1) rock fragments from country rocks; (2) cumulation of the early crystals in host magma or disruption of early chilled borders; (3) magma mingling; and (4) restite. These enclaves can be easily found in the granites around Mt. Wonhyo, Yangsan city. They are ellipsoidal in shape, and have phenocrysts might be originated from the host rocks and sharp contacts with the granites. Under the microscope, textures such as oscillation zoning, horn-blende-mantled quartz, rapakivi texture, and acicular apatite are observed, and these indicate that the enclaves were originated from magma and then produced by chilling. The evidences showing that the enclaves were formed by magma mingling are: (1) petrographical characteristics; (2) similarity of the compositions between the rim of plagioclase in the enclave and plagioclase in the granite; (3) linear trends of the major elements; (4) total REE content of the enclaves; and (5) Textural and compositional variations from rim to core in zoned enclaves. The magic end member of the enclave is regarded as the aphyric basaltic andesite in Mt. Sinbul-Youngchui area. The granites around Mt. Wonhyo experienced the magma mingling process which was produced by the injection of mafic magma at about 70 Ma, during the crystal differentiation, and then continued the crystallization. The equigranular granites and the micrographic granites in the study area are considered as the results after the magma mingling process.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.127-129
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• 2007

See Full Text

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.81-91
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• 1999

The area of the study is located in Ogcheon district, middle part of Ogcheon Fold Belt. The area is covered by metasedimentary rocks of Ogcheon Supergroup at northern, eastern and southern part. Jurassic Ogcheon granite which intruded into Ogcheon Supergroup at central part, was intruded by Cretaceous quartz porphyry at western part. The granite consists of quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, biotite, sphene, apatite, epidote, opaque and so on. It is generally characterized by grey to light grey, medium-grained, mafic enclave and partly weak foliation. In terms of geochmical compositions, the granite is felsic, peraluminous, subalkaline and calc-alkaline, and it was differentiated from single granitic magma. It shows parallel LREE enrichment and HREE depletion patterns with 0.84 Eu negative anomaly, which has REE variation trend and anomaly value similar to Jurassic granites in Korea. From charactristics of petrology, mineralogy and geochmistry, it may be interpreted that the Ogcheon granite body was derived from melting of I-type crustal material related to syn-collisional tectonic setting and emplaced more or less rapidly into the Ogcheon Supergroup.