• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.75-88
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• 1993

Recent reports indicate that shorter etching times than 60 seconds can be adopted without affecting the bond strength and clinical disadvantages. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bone strength and to measure depth of etch at different etching time length. One hundred and eight extracted bovine lower central incisors were embedded each in a tooth cup with cold-cure acrylic resin. The facial surfaces of the teeth were ground wet with 600-, 800-, 1000-, and 1200-grit Sic papers, and finally polished with a water slurry of extrafine silicon carbide powder, washed with tap water, and dried with hot air. Nine groups of nine prepared teeth were etched with a commercial($38\%$ phosphoric acid solution) for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds, respectively, rinsed with tap water, and dried with hot air. One conditioned teeth from every group was selected randomly for the scanning electron microscopic examination, and the remaining eight teeth of the groups were used for measuring the push shear bond strength after bonding brackets and immensing them in the $36.5^{\circ}C$ water for 24 hours. Another nine groups of three teeth were used for measuring the depth of etch and surface roughness with a surface profilometer. after pieces of adhesive tape of 3mm inner diameter positioned on the ground enamel surfaces, and etched with the above mentioned. The data obtained form the above expeiments were analysed statistically with one way ANOVA and Dunkan's multiple range test with the $95\%$ confidence level. The results and conclusion of the study were as follows; 1. The results of shear bond strength for the given experimental etching times were not statistically different, but showed the tendency of decreasing shear bone strength after over 60 seconds etching times. 2. On the scanning election microscopic examination, it was observed that the morphological patterns of etched enamel surface for 5 to 20 seconds were similar and consitent, and those for 30 to 120 seconds showed increasing over-etched patterns depending on the length of etching times. 3. The depth of etch was increased almost proportionally by the length of etching times, but it was not associated with the shear bond strength. 4. The surface roughness increased depending on the length of etching times, but it was not associated with the shear bond strength. 5. This experiment indicated that proper etching time with $38\%$ phosphoric acid solution is in the range of 5 to 30 seconds.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.638-643
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• 2013

Laser beam machining (LBM) is fast, contactless and able to machine various materials. So it is used to cut metal, drill holes, weld or pattern the imprinted surface. However, after LBM, there still leave burrs and recast layers around the machined area. In order to remove these unwanted parts, LBM process often uses electrochemical etching (ECE). But, the total thickness of workpiece is reduced because the etching process removes not only burrs and recast layers, but also the entire surface. In this paper, surface coating was performed using enamel after LBM on metal. The recast layer can be selectively removed without decreasing total thickness. Comparing with LBM process only, the surface quality of enamel coating process was better than that. And edge shape was also maintained after ECE.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.477-482
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• 2011

연구목적: 이 연구는 서로 다른 버로 형성한 법랑질 표면에 대한 자가부식 프라이머 접착제의 결합강도를 상호 비교함으로써 법랑질에 우수한 접착 표면을 제공하는 적절한 버를 알아보기 위해 시행하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 42개의 발거된 대구치 치관의 법랑질을 이용하였고, 법랑질을 삭제하는 기구의 종류에 따라 6개군, 즉 1군은 Coarse (125 - 150 ${\mu}m$) diamond bur; 2군은 standard (106 - 125 ${\mu}m$) diamond bur; 3군은 fine (53 - 63 ${\mu}m$) diamond bur; 4군은 extrafine (20 - 30 ${\mu}m$) diamond bur; 5군은 plain-cut carbide bur (no. 245); 6군은 cross-cut carbide bur (no. 557)으로 분류하였다. 각 군의 법랑질 표면에 Clearfil SE Bond를 적용한 후 Tygon tube를 이용하여 Clearfil AP-X를 접착하였다. 각 군의 미세전단 결합강도를 측정하였다. 결과: 4군의 결합강도는 모든 군중 가장 높게 나타나 1군, 2군, 3군 및 6군보다 통계학적으로 높게 나타났으며(p < 0.05), 5군과는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다(p > 0.05). 결론: 버의 종류와 다이아몬드 버의 입자크기는 약한 자가 산부식 프라이머 접착제의 법랑질에 대한 결합강도에 영향을 주었다. Clearfil SE Bond의 법랑질에 대한 우수한 접착을 위해서는 초미세입자 다이아몬드 버나 plain-cut 카바이드 버의 사용이 추천된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.771-779
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• 1997

본 연구의 목적은 법랑질 표면에 대한 산부식시간의 차이가 법랑질 표면의 부식형태, 교정장치의 전단접착강도 및 탈락 양상에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 교정치료를 위해 발거된 하악 소구치의 법랑질을 $37\%$ 인산 용액을 이용하여 동일한 방법으로 각각 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120초 동안 부식시킨 후 법랑질 표면을 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하고, 교정장치를 접착한 후 Instron universal testing machine을 이용하여 전단접착강도를 측정하고 교정장치의 탈락 양상을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 산부식시간을 5-120초 범위에서 변화시켜도 교정장치의 전단접착강도는 통계학적으로 유의성 있는 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 2. 산부식시간에 따른 교정 장치의 탈락 양상은 15초 이하 부식군(5, 10, 15초)과 30초 이상 부식군(30, 45, 60, 60, 120초) 사이에 차이가 있었다. 즉, 15초 이하 부식군에서는 접착제/법랑질 경계부 탈락이 상대적으로 많았으나, 30초 이상 부식군에서는 접착제/교정장치 경계부 탈락이 많았다. 3. 법랑질 표면의 부식형태는 매우 다양하였으며 동일한 법랑질 표면에서도 여러 가지 형태의 부식 소견이 관찰되었다. 또한 법랑질 부식형태와 교정장치의 접착강도 사이에 연관성을 발견할 수 없었다. 4. 본 연구의 결과는 실험적 조건에서는 부식시간을 5초로 단축하여도 임상적으로 유용한 접착강도를 얻을 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 그러나, 15초 이하 부식군에서 나타난 탈락 양상에 대해서는 더 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 여겨진다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제42권11호통권426호
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• pp.790-797
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• 2004

• 대한치과보존학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과보존학회 2007년도 Autumn Scientific Meeting(the 128th) of Korean Academy of Comservative Dentistry
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• pp.636-636
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• 2007

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.165-174
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• 1995

이 연구의 목적은 교정용 bracket부착에 의한 교정치료시 법랑질 표면에 나타나는 탈회 형태 및 손상정도를 평가하고 이를 개선시킬수 있는 방법에 대하여 알아보기 위함이다. 건전한 법랑질 표면을 갖는 40개의 소구치를 산부식과 다양한 불소도포에 의해 처리한 뒤 환자의 구강에서 3개월동안 유지시켰다. 모든 견본 소구치를 발거하여 주사 전자현미경으로 법랑질 표면을 평가하였다. 이 연구로부터 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Bracket 부착에 의한 법랑질 표면에 어느 정도 탈회와 손상이 나타났다. 2. $2\%$ NaF을 전기이온 도포한 Group 6이 건전한 법랑질 표면에 가장 유사한 형태로 개선되었다. 3. 산 부식 후 아무런 처리도 하지 않은 Group 2에서 불소 도포한 다른 Group들 보다 더 큰 법랑질 탈회와 손상이 나타났다. 4. Bracket 부착에 의한 법랑질 표면의 탈회와 손상 정도는 불소 도포방법에 의하여 개선이 이루어 졌다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.112-124
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• 1997

According to extensive use of composite resin which have superior esthetic property, every effort on improving bonding strength between a tooth and composite resin has been continued. Acid etching technique is a method that micro-etches the tooth surface which provides bonding with composite resin possible. Recently, there were several reports that mechanical treatment obtained from air-abrasion can provide similar bonding strength with acid etching technique. So, this experimental study was designed to compare the shear bonding strength between using air-abrasion technique and using acid etching technique. Initially, bovine teeth were divided into enamel and dentin experimental groups. Respectively each group was categorized into three subgroups. One subgroup was acid etched with 35% phosphoric acid, then bonded with composite resin. The other subgroup was air-abraded with $50{\mu}m$ $Al_2O_3$ particles sprayed with 160psi air pressure using air abrasion unit(KCP-1000, A.D.T., U.SA), and composite resin was bonded. In another subgroup, composite resin was bonded after acid etching following air-abrasion. So, enamel experimental groups were made of E1 (acid etched only), E2(air-abraded only), E3(acid etched following air-abraded), and dentin experimental groups were made of D1(acid etched only), D2(air-abraded only), D3(acid etched following air-abraded). Each subgroup had 10 specimens. Dentin bonding system(Scotchbond Multi-purpose, 3M Co., U.S.A.) and composite resin(Z-100, 3M Co., U.S.A.) were applied on treated surface using 5mm diameter gelatin capsule as manufacturer's direction. After 1200 times thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, shear bond strength was measured in 5mm/min crosshead speed with Instron(Instron Co., U.S.A.), and also treated enamel and dentin were observed with SEM(JEOL Co., Japan). The following results were obtained: 1. In the enamel experimental groups, acid etched following air-abraded group had highest shear bond strength, but there was no significant difference compared to acid etched group. Air-abraded only group had lowest shear bond strength, and there was significant difference compared to the rest of groups. 2. In the dentin experimental groups, acid etched following air-abraded group had highest shear bond strength, but there was no significant difference compared to acid etched group. Air-abraded only group had lowest shear bond strength, and there was significant difference compared to the rest of groups. 3. In the SEM study, air-abraded enamel and dentin had irregular and rough surfaces.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.493-501
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• 2002

This study evaluated the microleakage performance of four self-etcing primer adhesives(Clearfil SE Bond, Clearfil Liner Bond 2, UniFil Bond, and FL Bond) and one self-etching adhesive(Prompt L-Pop). Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 50 extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups and restored using one of five adhesives and composite resins: Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z 250(Group 1), Clearfil SE Bond/Clearfil AP-X(Group 2), Clearfil Liner Bond 2/Clearfil AP-X(Group 3), UniFil Bond/UniFil F(Group 4), and FL Bond/Filtek Z 250(Group 5). Following one day storage in room temperature water, the restored teeth were thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5$^{\circ}C$ and 55$^{\circ}C$. Marginal microleakage was assessed by dye penetration using 2% methylene blue dye. After 24 hours, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally and evaluated for microleakage under steromicroscope The data were statistically analysed by Kruskal-Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed ranked tests. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The microleakges at both enamel and dentinal mal$.$gins were the lowest in group 4. increasing among groups in the following order: group 2, follwed by group 5, follwed by group 1, and the highest in group 3. 2. At the enamel margins, the microleakage of group 3 was significantly higher than those of groups 2. 4 and 5(p<0.05), and also the microleakage of group 1 was statistically higher than those of groups 2 and 5(p<0.05). 3. At the dentinal margins, microleakage of group 3 was signincantly higher than microleakages of groups 1, 2, 4 and 5(p<0.05). 4. Compared with microleakages between the enamel and dentinal margins of each group, groups 1, 4 and 5 at enamel margin and group 2 and group 3 at dentinal margin were higher microleakage. But there was no significant difference between enamel and dentinal microleakages of each group(p>0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.133-139
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• 1980

In this experiment, etching was performed on the incisor enamel surfaces of 13 Albino rats, weighted about 130gm, with both 30% and 50% concentrations of the phosphoric, citric acids, and EDTA solution for 60 seconds. Immediately after extraction of the animal teeth, laboratory procedures for scanning electron microscopic observations were made and the author derived the following conclusions: 1. On the enamel surface treated with 30% and 50% phosphoric acids, all of the periphery, center of the enamel rods, and the enamel matrices were severely etched. 2. In the etched with 30% citric acid group, only the small part of the enamel rods were etched out. In case of 50% citric acid the periphery, center of enamel rods were partially or entirely etched, and the intermatrix spaces were widened. 3. In the 30% and 50% of the EDTA etched groups, the periphery of the enamel rods explicitely were etched, and the spaces between matrices were widened.