• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.22
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• pp.61-68
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• 2000

This paper illustrates what the reality of architectural concepts, materials, notions and phenomena are as central questions of contemporay space design. These issues form the goal of modern space design which should attain to the reality of an era when non-real values prevail. Despite the trends of an everchanging and ephemeral dominating quality in architecture for the last ten years, architects still aim to contruct everlasting space on earth. The trends of dematerialization in today's space design can be substantiated in spatial-temporal dimensions as follows. First of all, ephemeral architecture with concepts of hypothetical temporality, everchanging architecture in fluidity, and the transparent architecture with the floating and overlapping image can be analyzed in the dimension of 'time'. In terms of 'space', void quality for the expression of emptiness, neutral space by the simplified and summarized forms, expanded space through ambiguous boundaries and spatial repetition can becharacterized and also be intended strategies for lightness, state of flux, ambiguity, paradox etc., lead modern space design along that path. As this point, we need to pay attention to the so-called 'hypersurface' concept proposed by Stephen Perella. Hypersurface is a sort of cladding sheathing existence independent from the primary structure. With it, the integration between form and image can be achieved. Sometimes hypersurface can be a strategical screen for image projection, a cognitive receptor for surroundings as well as a catalyst for information and communication systems. When the situation dematerializes more and more as the years go on, the concept of hypersurface can be an inclusive method between the phenomenological form in architecture and its self recipient image. Permissive atmospheres created between them in contemporary space design and new paradigms emerged with digital technology will further reinforce the human space's dynamism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.19-34
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• 2010

This study aims to examine associationistic psychology and psychological operation associated with each color image, then to study the relation between particular colors used in paintings produced by Gogh and Klimt in different times and these painters' psychology in a bid to explore the meaning and role of psychological operation of colors. The findings of the study indicated that red and blue colors represent mainly negative images, while yellow and orange colors represent mainly positive images and psychologies. Specifically, in the case of Gogh, red expresses anxiety, a negative image, yellow symbolizes passion, a major positive image of emotional liberation, dark and thick green and the green involving blue symbolize negative images, emptiness and despair, and blue represents negative images of internal desire conflicts, and screaming. Also, purple used together with white represents anxiety and depression. In the case of Klimt, red represents negative images of anger toward mother and suppressed energy, yellow, an alternative to gold color, symbolizes the positive image of hope, passion, desire and eroticism, the arrangement of strong gold and orange colors represents a color of psychological healing more than a color of hope. As such, colors used in paintings produced by modern Western painters express the physiological conditions, psychological feeling and emotion in life, at the time when the artists produced such works. It was found that colors are yet another language of expressing emotions, and symbolize the psychologies of the artists, indicating that colors have something to do with the painters' experience and emotional impulses.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.379-389
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• 2003

Purpose: To identify the type of disease-related stress experienced by women who received mastectomy for breast cancer using Q methodology. Method: Q sample included 30 statements obtained from literature and interviews with women with mastectomy. P sample consisted of 22 patients with mastectomy. The data were collected from November to December 2002 and analyzed using QUANL program. Result : Four types of disease-related stress experienced by women with mastectomy were found. Type 1 was manifested for a short duration following surgery and characterized by lowered self-esteem, feelings of emptiness and depression because of impaired body image. Type 2 was characterized by declined physical strength, resulting in frequent fatigue in the daily life and less intimate relationship with spouse. Type 3 was manifested by perfectionists with strong sense of self-pride who received or considered breast reconstruction surgery. Type 4 was reported by those who had long period of post-surgery. This type reported a strong sense of discomfort for wearing an artificial breast but didn't show any intention of trying breast reconstruction surgery. Conclusion: Women with mastectomy were found to experience different type of disease-related distress. Therefore, nurses should assess the type of stress the patient experiences following a mastectomy to provide appropriate nursing care.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 2008

Asia Folk Costumes are certainly different from the Western Costumes. This distinction is based upon the effect of environment, technology, and social structure, and especially, which was generated by religion, ideology, and philosophy. The ideas of fundamental ground of this eastern features are religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. The religion of the East has determined the form of traditional costumes, affecting the costume up to now. This study aims at the investigation of the effect of religion on the formation of East Asia Traditional Costumes around Korea, China, and Japan and its figurative beauty. Study was carried out by chiefly referring to literatures. Eastern Aesthetics was formed by accepting aesthetic concepts, acquired from the idea of Three Religions. Especially, the ideas of non-duality(不二), emptiness(空), five aggregates(五蘊), mind control(心法), derived by Buddhism, and nature theory(自然論) and creationism(創造論) of Taoism, and abstinence theory(節制論) and decorum(禮法) and the principles of Yin and Yang(陰陽) of confucianism have had great effect on the aesthetics of costume. The figurative features of costume, affected by three religions are described by the factors; First, non structural feature, second, the beauty of abstinence and chastity of ample silhouette, third, the feature of natural color and achromatic color, fourth, the figurative feature of costume by the principles of Yin and Yang, and fifth, bright ornaments. The aesthetic values of the East Asia Costume are 'A Beauty of Vacancy', 'A Beauty of Concealment', 'A Beauty of Nature', and 'A Beauty of Symbolism'. As philosophy, culture, and ethnics itself, the religions of Asia have had effect on the overall culture, which is inclusive of social structure, as well as art and aesthetics, and have decided the style of costume.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.319-325
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the soil compositions, methane production, the number of methanogens, and the community structure of methanogens in rice paddy soils and dry field farming soils in the summer and autumn seasons. As a result of the analysis of soil compositions, any regular tendency to increase or decrease has not been found in most soil samples due to the change of seasons. It has also been found that more methanogens exist in the rice paddy soil that utilize organic farming practices and emptiness farming practices than in the dry field farming soil. The fewer numbers of methanogens utilizing the acetate have been found than those of the methanogens utilizing the hydrogen or the formate. In an experiment of methane production, the methanes increased for two weeks when the acetate was added, but they continued to increase for seven weeks more when the formate and the hydrogen were added. In the phylogenetic analysis using the mcrA gene, the methanogens had diverse clusters in the rice paddy soil, whereas the methanogens were concentrated only in a few clusters in the dry field farming soil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.129-146
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• 2004

The Purpose of this study is to search the characteristics of aesthetic sense from the spiritual root of anti-decoration culture in contemporary Japanese fashion and find the aesthetic meanings inside contemporary Japanese fashion. This study considered contemporary Japanese fashion design from 1970 to 2000 to figure out the anti-decoration culture in contemporary Japanese fashion. The contents of this study are 1. surveying the historical change about the aesthetic sense of Japanese anti-decoration culture. 2. deducing the distinctive aesthetic ideology from the anti-decoration culture 3. finding aesthetically the inside meaning of anti-decoration culture in contemporary Japanese fashion. The conclusion on this study is as the followings. Anti-decoration culture has three aesthetic ideology. First, faintful aesthetics implies the aesthetic ideologies of Wabi, Sabi from Heian period and it appears the aesthetic sense to be natural beauty. simplicity, minimalism and temperance. Second, ambivalence aesthetics is based on nothingness and has the characteristic of multivocal and variableness without biased view. Third. playful aesthetics has the meaning of humorous. witty and mischievous which is the basic factor of Japanese formative arts. The aesthetic range of this study are the beauty of simplicity. poverty, incompletion, vagueness and humor. First, beauty of simplicity is composed of minimal lines and area through strict temperance and elimination. Second, beauty of poverty came from the aesthetic concept of Wabi which means honorable poverty and plainness. Third, beauty of incompletion means emptiness which is within the range of possibility. Forth, beauty of vagueness could be explained as incorporeal, colorlessness and voiceless. Fifth, Okashi which was the middle ages in Japan, shows the vein of humor in anti-decoration culture. As a result, anti-decoration culture does not mean the opposite of decoration culture, but accomplishes extreme artificial beauty by strict temperance and elimination. Also it is concerned as intentional poverty of decorative effect.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.2
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• pp.193-221
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• 2000

The postmodern culture since the later 20C breaks downa tradition a relation between the reality and languages or sign images expressing it. It develops in the way to review the meaning on the object's imitation or the representation to have been followed since Plato and represent the new state and concept of expressed things. Also, The visual art leads an change of paradigm by images giving up the visual resemblance or the function of representation and endowing them with the new sense. This essay has a purpose to study an important discussion about this change centered on Baudrillard and Lacan. A sociologist Baudrillard promotes the concept of 'simulation' through detecting the reality and the social and historical state of the image. Studying on the course of this change, he calls the step that the image escapes from the stage to reflect the reality and become the pure imitation by itself simulation. The image in the stage of simulation is called 'hyperreality' because it doesn't have any an indicator or a substitute and happens by models without the original or the reality. So he asserts that art is not to contain some absoluteness or transcendency as the past, but to be as the spectacle with characteristics of meaningless, emptiness, contingency. Lacan dismantles the concept of the absolute Cogito to have become the center of the western ideology, and creates the concept of 'Other'. He concludes also the reality exists but can't be captured, and it's impossible for the thinking subject can reach it. The concept of new image which can be thought as the Symbolic in Lacan is 'Signifier without Signified' since it isn't possible to be the transcendent Signifier fixing the meaning finally in it. His 'Gaze' theory is which to be emitted in other's area determines the subject. Equally Baudrillard and Lacan sets up the new state of the image through the end of representation system As for Baudrillard, art intends to the worthlessness and is nothing but imagination. But in Lacan a picture represents the subject being in process by the dialectic of desire.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.180-189
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• 2002

Purpose : This study focused on affirming of the effects of Dan-jun breathing exercise experienced by women in midlife. Method: The data were collected via direct interview from 20 participants, who participated in a Dan-Jun exercise program during three months. Collected data were analyzed by content analysis. Result : 1. As for the health problems of women in midlife before the Dan-jun exercise program, 93 items were extracted in the content analysis These items were categorized into 59 attributes and 15 higher attributes. 1) Of the 59 attributes of health problems, shoulder pain (30%) was the most dominant. 2) The 15 higher attributes consisted for the physical domain of, weakness, pain, joint stiffness, sexual problem, sleep disorder, gastro-intestinal disorder. menstrual irregularity. circulatory disorder, respiratory disorder. constipation, urinary incontinence, and for the psychological domain, anger, emptiness, depression, and anxiety. 2. As for the effects experienced by women in midlife after the Dan-jun exercise program, 169 items were extracted in the content analysis. These items were categorized into 85 attributes and 14 higher attributes. 1) Of 85 attributes, lightening of physical condition (55%) was the most dominant. 2) The higher attributes consisted in physical domain of, recovery of vigor, pain relief, menstrual regularity and improvements in flexibility. sexual problem, sleep disorder, gastro-intestinal disorder, circulatory disorder constipation, respiratory disorder and urinary incontinence, and for the psychological domain, relaxation, cultured mind and self-confidence. Conclusions : Dan-jun breathing exercise program for three months showed positive effects on physical and psychological health in women in midlife. In this context, it can be also considered as a significant nursing intervention for maintenance and promotion of the health of these women.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.245-266
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• 2006

This study aims to explicate the properties of the existing xylographic books in Buddhism published in the old region of Yangju. Gyeonggi-do by investigating them and carrying out the analyses of them. For this, we have investigated, in addition to literature and xylographic bibles, Buddhist books which are now possessed by principal libraries and temples in Yangju. 99 kinds of Buddhist books had been published by 14 temples at the region of Yangju. It is in the late Chosun that Buddhist books in the region of Yangju were actively published. Bulamsa has published the greatest amount of 53 kinds of books. we can and out that Buddhist bibles were actively published, and uncanonical books and Esoteric Buddhist bibles with strong characteristics of worldly benedictions and Praja-Paramita emphasizing the thought of emptiness. As for publishing methods, 85 kinds of books were xylographic and 14 kinds of books were published with wooden types. There were direct and indirect supports from the ruling class on most of the temples that published Buddhist books. Temples happened to co-publish Buddhist books.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1089-1101
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• 2006

Following conclusions are drawn from study about Yukmigiwhangwon through referring to literatures and reviewing in the point of Hyungsang medicine. Yukmigiwhangwon was prescribed by Jeon Eul in order to cure five kinds of flaccidity of infants, but after since then it has been basically applied to symptoms which was caused by deficiency of the kidney not only infants but also adult. The deficiency of kidney is the lack of vital essence and body fluid stored in kidney, it happens because infants are born in the conditions of lack of receiving in the womb. And it happens because adults infringe the rules of life, especially the sexual life. Main symptoms of the poverty of renal functions are emptiness of the brain marrow, dizziness, forgetfulness, tinnitus, deafness, vertigo and dim eyesight, insomnia, the low back and knees aching and limping, heat on the legs, tibia aching, nocturnal emission, dry mouth, reddened tongue and little coating or non coating of the 'tongue, weak blood meridians. the treating method is nourishing Eum and supplementing kidney. In Dongeuibogam Yukmigiwhangwon is mentioned in the parts of vital essence, blood, voice, kidney, urine, eye, ear, the low back, hair, fire, exhaustion syndrome, cough, polydipsia, infant, etc. The shapes which Yukmigiwhangwon is applied to are the Dam Body Doing deficiency of Eum due to excess of Yang, man, infant, Jung type, Fish group, reverse triangular shape, big headed man, big eared man, big mouthed man, man having prominent cheekbones, man having long waist, man having big hips, man with thick hair or white hair, man with bald on the head, etc. In color it is applied to darkish complexion, flushed tip of the nose, or flushed cheek bones. Through inquiring into the clinical cases on the points of Hyungsang medicine Yukmigiwhangwon is efficacious cure to lumbago, symptoms of tendons and bones, symptoms of eyes and ears, symptoms of respiratory organs, dermatopathia, headache, polydipsia, urinary disorders, etc.