• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.51-60
• /
• 2021

Purpose: Waiting occured frequently in the service industry. Because waiting time is perceived as a loss by customers, perceived waiting time affects positive and negative responses to restaurants. If the waiting time is perceived as long, the waiting receptivity to accept the wait may also decrease. Therefore, restaurant stores need to increase waiting satisfaction so that customers can feel the waiting time shorter. Therefore, in this study, the effect of perceived waiting time and waiting satisfaction of customers visiting Taiwanese restaurant companies on waiting acceptability, emotions (positive and negative emotions) and satisfaction is investigated. Research design, data, and methodology: This study examines the structural relationship between perceived latency, waiting satisfaction, emotion, and satisfaction. To verify the purpose of this study, a research model and hypothesis were developed. The questionnaire items were modified and used according to the content of this study based on previous studies. All configurations were measured with multiple items tested and developed in previous studies. Data collected from 407 Taiwanese restaurant customers were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 programs. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to measure the reliability and effectiveness of the measurement tool. Structural model analysis was performed to validate the study model. Results: The study results are as follows. Perceived waiting time was found to have a positive effect on negative emotions. In addition, it was found that waiting acceptability had a negative effect on negative emotions, and had a positive effect on positive emotions and customer satisfaction. Positive emotions were found to have a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction. Also, waiting satisfaction was found to have a positive effect as a moderating variable on the relationship between perceived waiting time and waiting acceptability. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, perceived waiting time was found to have a negative effect on eating out consumers. However, if the waiting time is satisfied, waiting time will increase the waiting time acceptability. Therefore, if customers are satisfied with the waiting environment by improving the quality of the waiting environment, it will be possible to establish a marketing ^*strategy^* that stimulates the positive effect of the perceived waiting time.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.163-171
• /
• 2021

This study aimed to investigate the main characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccine-related videos spread on YouTube and differences in user responses in the infodemic situation caused by COVID-19. As a result of content analysis of 579 videos related to the COVID-19 vaccine, it was found that all of the false information was written by individual channels. Institutions, organizations, media companies, and government channels reported spread of false information as well as fact-oriented reporting. The progressive channel had a high percentage of positive sentiment in favor of vaccination, and the conservative channel had a high percentage of negative emotion against vaccination. After the vaccination started, the number of videos on government channels increased, and it was found that the number of videos with positive emotions increased. Results of regression analysis of video characteristics that affect the number of likes indicated that personal expert videos and videos from progressive channels received more likes. Combining the research results, we propose a plan to promote government policies regarding the COVID-19 vaccine using social media.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.1580-1587
• /
• 2021

Currently, the development and sale of various emoticons has given users a wider range of choices, but a systematic and specific approach to the recognition and use of emoticons by actual users is lacking. Therefore, this study tried to investigate the subjective perception and visual attention concentration of actual users on negative emotional expression emoticons through a survey and eye tracking experiment. First, as a result of subjective recognition analysis, it was found that emoticons are frequently used because their appearance is important, and they can express various emotions in a fun and interesting way. In particular, it was found that emoticons that express negative emotions are often used because they can indirectly express negative emotions through various and concretely expressed visual elements. Next, as a result of the eye tracking experiment, it was found that the negative emotional expression emoticons focused on the large elements that visually emphasized or emphasized the emotional expression elements, and it was found that the focus was not only on the facial expression but also on the physical behavioral responses and language of expression of emotions. These results will be used as basic data to understand users' perceptions and utilization of the diversified emoticons. In addition, for the long-term growth and activation of the emoticon industry market in the future, continuous research should be conducted to understand the various emotions of real users and to develop differentiated emoticons that can maximize the empathy effect appropriate to the situation.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.193-212
• /
• 2021

This study investigates the structural relationship among 11 latent factors that potentially influence the intention of Chinese consumers to purchase electrical vehicles (EV) by applying the MGB and TAM models, both based on well-established socio-psychological theories. For this research, we conducted an online survey using a Chinese platform collecting 287 valid responses to our questionnaire. The analysis reveals that 10 out of the 12 hypotheses were adopted while 2 were rejected. Specifically, it was found that EC (environment concern) and PEV (perceived environment value) had a positive effect on the PEU (perceived environmental usefulness) of electric vehicles. In addition, ATT (attitude), PAE (positive anticipated emotion), and PBC (perceived behavior control) were confirmed to have a significant positive relationship with DES (desire) for EV purchase. At the same time, the results of the analysis show a statistically significant relationship between PEU, ATT as well as PI (purchase intention). This study further analyzed and presented the results of the moderating effects of gender, based on the adopted relationship hypotheses. This study is novel in that it is the first attempt in the literature to apply both the MGB model and the TAM simultaneously to predict EV purchasing behavior.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.411-418
• /
• 2007

Exposure to low frequency noise(LFN) can lead to vibroacoustic diseases(VADs), which include a systemic disease with lesions in a broad spectrum of organs and a psychiatric condition. It is known that VAD is an established risk factor for the development of many psychological conditions in humans and rodents, including major depression and anxiety disorder. The present study investigated the effects of LFN on neuronal stress responses in the rat brain. The neuronal expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) of the hypothalamus and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the LC was observed. The immunocytochemical detection of the Fos protein and TH has been used as a marker of neuronal activation in response to stress. In addition, corticosterone concentration was evaluated by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The LFN groups were exposed to 32.5Hz and 125Hz of noise(4hr/day for 2days). The numbers of c-fos and TH-immunoreactive cells in the PVN and LC were significantly increased in the LFN groups(32.5Hz and 125Hz) compared to the normal group. Corticosterone concentration in plasma was also increased in LFN groups. The present results demonstrated that exposure with LFN produced a pronounced increase in expression of c-Fos and TH in stress-relevant brain areas. These results suggest that the neural characteristics involved in LFN are similar to those activated by typical processive stressors. These results also suggest that the central and peripheral activations by LFN may be related to LFN-related negative behavioral dysfunctions such as VADs.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2005

This study is aimed to inspect how the different sensitivities in Behavioral activation system(BAS) and behavioral inhibition system(BIS) modulate on the properties of physiological responses stimulated by positive or negative affective sound. We measured the electroencephalogram(EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) of 32 students, consisted of four groups depending on the BAS and BIS sensitivities, during listening to meditation music or noise. The EEG was recorded at Fpl and Fp2 sites and Power spectral density(PSD) of HRV was derived from the ECG, and the power of HRV was calculated for 3 major frequency ranges(low frequency[LF], medium frequency and high frequency[HF]). After listening to music or noise, subjects reported the affect induced by the sound. For EEG, the power in the alpha band at Fp2, especially in the alpha-2 band(9.0-11.0 Hz) increased during the subjects listening to music, while the power at Fpl increased during noise. During listening to meditation music, there is a tendency that the left-sided activation in prefrontal cortex(PFC) is positively correlated with the difference of BAS(Z)-BIS(Z). During listening to noise, there is a tendency that the right-sided activation in PFC is dominant in case any of the sensitivity of BAS or BIS is high. For HRV, we found that the index of MF/(LF+HF), during listening to music, was higher significantly in the individuals with a low BIS but high BAS than in the individuals with a low sensitivity both BIS and BAS individuals. With high BIS, regardless of the BAS sensitivity, the difference of this index values was not significant. From these results we suggest that the physiological responses of different individuals in BAS and BIS react differently under the same emotionally provocative challenge.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.17-28
• /
• 2005

With the advent of computer technology, the fundamental nature of products has shaped from physical forms towards product interactivity, The focus is now on usability of the product with ease and efficiency rather than conversing with just the looks of the product. However, most definitions of usability and contemporary usability-related researches, have focused on the performance-oriented functional aspects of usability (i.e., how well users perform tasks using a product). Today, user expectations are higher; products that bring not only functional benefits but also emotional satisfaction. So far, there have been many studies on human emotions and the emotional side of products in the field of emotional engineering. Contemporary emotion-related researches have focused mainly on the relationship between product aesthetics and the emotional responses elicited by the products, but little is known about emotions elicited from using the products. The main objective of our research is analyzing user's emotional changes while using a product, to reveal the influence of usability on human emotions. In this research, we suggested conceptual framework for the study on the relationship between usability of products, and human emotions with emphasis on mobile phones. We also extracted emotional words for measuring user's emotions expressed not from looking at the product's appearance, but from using the product. First, we assembled a set of emotions that is sufficiently extensive to represent a general overview of the full repertoire of Korean emotions from the literature study. Secondly, we found emotional words in the after note by the users on the websites. Finally, verbal protocols in which the user says out loud what he/she ks feeling while he/she ks carrying out a task were collected. And then, the appropriateness of extracted emotional words was verified by the members of the consumer panel of a company through web survey. It is expected that emotional words extracted in this research will be used to measure user's emotional changes while using a product. Based on the conceptual framework suggested in this research, basic guidelines on interface design methods that reflect user's emotions will be illustrated.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.39-57
• /
• 2012

Recently, due to the introduction of high-tech equipment in interactive exhibits, many people's attention has been concentrated on Interactive exhibits that can double the exhibition effect through the interaction with the audience. In addition, it is also possible to measure a variety of audience reaction in the interactive exhibition. Among various audience reactions, this research uses the change of the facial features that can be collected in an interactive exhibition space. This research develops an artificial neural network-based prediction model to predict the response of the audience by measuring the change of the facial features when the audience is given stimulation from the non-excited state. To present the emotion state of the audience, this research uses a Valence-Arousal model. So, this research suggests an overall framework composed of the following six steps. The first step is a step of collecting data for modeling. The data was collected from people participated in the 2012 Seoul DMC Culture Open, and the collected data was used for the experiments. The second step extracts 64 facial features from the collected data and compensates the facial feature values. The third step generates independent and dependent variables of an artificial neural network model. The fourth step extracts the independent variable that affects the dependent variable using the statistical technique. The fifth step builds an artificial neural network model and performs a learning process using train set and test set. Finally the last sixth step is to validate the prediction performance of artificial neural network model using the validation data set. The proposed model is compared with statistical predictive model to see whether it had better performance or not. As a result, although the data set in this experiment had much noise, the proposed model showed better results when the model was compared with multiple regression analysis model. If the prediction model of audience reaction was used in the real exhibition, it will be able to provide countermeasures and services appropriate to the audience's reaction viewing the exhibits. Specifically, if the arousal of audience about Exhibits is low, Action to increase arousal of the audience will be taken. For instance, we recommend the audience another preferred contents or using a light or sound to focus on these exhibits. In other words, when planning future exhibitions, planning the exhibition to satisfy various audience preferences would be possible. And it is expected to foster a personalized environment to concentrate on the exhibits. But, the proposed model in this research still shows the low prediction accuracy. The cause is in some parts as follows : First, the data covers diverse visitors of real exhibitions, so it was difficult to control the optimized experimental environment. So, the collected data has much noise, and it would results a lower accuracy. In further research, the data collection will be conducted in a more optimized experimental environment. The further research to increase the accuracy of the predictions of the model will be conducted. Second, using changes of facial expression only is thought to be not enough to extract audience emotions. If facial expression is combined with other responses, such as the sound, audience behavior, it would result a better result.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.853-860
• /
• 2007

In this modern era, human beings lead their life in complex environment where there are lots of parameters such as temperature, light, smell, sound, visual stimulus etc. that play important role for quality life. These parameters affect physical and mental behavior of a human being immensely. To ensure quality life the demand for quality products is always associated with human emotion and sensibility. Due to human sensibility and emotion involvement with quality life, the design stages of any kind of product must include some certain features related with emotion and sensibility. The cues for optimizing artificial environment are the physiological responses of human in that environment. The conventional approach of environmental physiology is to measure the relationship between environmental physical parameters and human psychological parameters under artificial conditions. Using that approach we tried to design an artificial environment for our daily lives and activities associated with both physiological and psychological behavior. We developed the technique to present the mock environment and software to measure and evaluate sensibility physiologically or psychologically and a simulator to measure and evaluate sensibility that can be utilized for large scale industrial production and design of environment. Simulator to measure and analyze human sensibility (SMAS) was constructed, which was utilized to estimate human sensibility and to simulate living and office environment.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.259-268
• /
• 2012

In a P300-based concealed information test (P300 CIT), the result of the test is greatly affected by the value of the probe stimulus. With a probe stimulus of low value, the detection rate decreases. The aim of this study was to determine whether the pupil-based concealed information test (Pupil CIT) could be used in addition to the P300 CIT for the probes of low value. Participants were told to choose one card from a deck of five cards (space 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Then a P300 CIT and a Pupil CIT for the selected card were administered. P300s were measured at 3 scalp sites (Fz, Cz, and Pz), and the pupil sizes of left and right eyes were recorded. The P300 amplitude measured at Fz, Cz, and Pz was significantly different between the probe and irrelevant stimuli. And, in the Pupil CIT, the pupil size was also different between the two stimuli for both eyes. The detection rates of the P300 CIT were 44% at Fz and Cz sites and 36% at Pz site. And the detection rates of the Pupil CIT were 52% for the left eye and 60% for the right eye. There is a trend that the detection rate of the Pupil CIT was higher than that of the P300 CIT, but the difference didn't reach significance partly because of the relatively small sample size. The correlation between the decision based on the P300 CIT and that based on the Pupil CIT was not significant. As a conclusion, it is recommended to use a Pupil CIT instead of a P300 CIT when the value of the probe is low. And a combination of the measures may be superior to either one of them in detection rate.