• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.43-49
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• 1996

With the recent interest in methanol as a SI engine fuel, aldehyde emissions have become a greater concern. A M-90 fueled passenger car was operated in a chassis dynamometer using FTP 75 driving cycle to examine formaldehyde emissions. Formation process of aldehyde and methods to reduce them are discussed in this paper for a SI-engine passenger car operating by M-90. Aldehyde emissions have been found to be 3 to 7 times higher from M-90 than from gasoline, while CO, NOx, THC are as low or lower than gasoline. Noble metal compositions appeared to play a role in formaldehyde and unburned methanol emission performance. For example, catalyst Pd showed better reduction of both formaldehyde and methanol than catalyst Pt. however, emission rates of formaldehyde and methanol for catalyst Pt were relatively similar to catalyst Pt/Rh.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.140.1-140.1
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• 2012

We investigate properties of maser emission for 3373 O-rich AGB stars. We divide the sample stars into four different groups whether they were detected by OH, SiO and $H_2O$ maser emission or not. To understand the nature of the maser sources, we present various infrared two-color diagrams (2CDs) using IRAS, near infrared and AKARI data. For each group, we compare the positions on the various infrared 2CDs with theoretical models. We find that OH maser sources generally show higher color indices and larger dust optical depths than SiO or $H_2O$ maser sources. This could be due to differences of the mass-loss rates and/or variability which may influence the maser pumping mechanisms.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.784-787
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• 2006

Even if EGR is known as a technology which dramatically reduces NOx emission, its application is a quite complicate since it affects fuel economy and increase of PM emission. Therefore, it is a very important issue to investigate an optimal EGR rate considering all engine parameters. This research was numerically conducted to predict combustion and emission characteristics with respect to various EGR rates.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2022

Malignant melanoma has an aggressive nature and high metastatic potential that result in one of the highest cancer mortality rates. Over the past three decades, primary and metastatic melanoma incidence has rapidly increased. The recent advances in diagnostic technology have shown promise, but there is still an enormous need for specific detection methods to diagnose malignant melanoma. Positron emission tomography can visualize a particular biomarker of malignant melanoma and promise a noninvasive image of micrometastases. However, the development of PET radiopharmaceuticals remains necessary for diagnosing malignant melanoma by using positron emission tomography. In this review, the history and a general overview of PET radionuclide labeled benzamide derivatives, including their radiosynthesis, in vivo characterization, and evaluation, are provided as imaging agents for malignant melanoma.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2009

In this study, the air pollution management system based GIS has been developed to estimate the emission rate and air pollution modeling of air pollutants, effectively. This system is able to estimate emission rate of air pollutant and to analyze the emission characteristics with high spatial and temporal resolution. air pollution modeling. The air pollution management system was applied to Gwangyang Bay including large industry complex with a large number of emission sources. The air pollution management system was constructed using the spatial database of emission sources in Gwangyang Bay. It was found that the estimated emission rates of air pollutants is similar to the emission characteristics in Gwangyang Bay. Also, the spatial distribution of pollutants was similar to the location of emission sources. The predicted results of air pollution model was showed a good correlation coefficient (0.75) for TSP. The air pollution management system is expected to be effective tool (database system (GIS)) for the management and the control of air pollution.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.454-465
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• 2012

The Korean government decided to reduce 30% of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions BAU in 2020. Since many efforts to reduce emissions are urgently needed in Korea, the central administrative organization urges local governments to establish their own reduction schemes. Among many GHG emission categories, the emission from mobile source in Gyeonggi Province accounted for 25.3% of total emissions in 2007 and further the emission from road transport sector occupied the most dominant portion in this transportation category. The objective of this study was to compare 3 types of GHG emissions from road transport sector in 31 local cities/counties of Gyeonggi Province, which have been estimated by Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 methodologies. As results, the GHG emission rates by the Tier 1 and Tier 2 were $19,991kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$ and $18,511kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$, respectively. On the other hand, the emission rate by Tier 3 excluding a branch road emission portion was $18,051kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$. In addition, the total emission rate including all the main and branch road portions in Gyeonggi Province was $24,152kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$, which was estimated by a new Tier 3 methodology. Based on this study, we could conclude that Tier 3 is a reasonable methodology than Tier 1 or Tier 2. However, more accurate and less uncertain methodology must be developed by expanding traffic survey areas and adopting a suitable model for traffic volumes.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.503-508
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• 2012

Recently green house gas emission problem has been issued because $CO_2$ emission is known to cause global warming. Hence, introduces more stringent emission and fuel economy requirements in various countries, including Korea. In this research, $CO_2$ emission factor characteristics of in-use cars, which are the most dominant vehicle type in Korea, were studied, and 129 gasoline vehicles, 100 diesel vehicles, and 34 LPG vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer. In the tests, CO and $CO_2$ emissions as well as fuel reduction rates weremeasured. The tests were conducted in the CVS-75 mode, which has been considered for developing emission factors for regulating emissions from light-duty vehicles in Korea. Through experiments, correlations among displacement, fuel consumption efficiency, fuel type, mileage, driving pattern, and $CO_2$ emission were investigated.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2009

Under-fired charbroiling cooking processes are known as important contributors of particulate matter (PM). In this study, we characterized the emission of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking processes using the hood method. Accumulated mass concentration of $PM_{10}$ was 92.2~99.5% and particle size of 2.0~2.5 ${\mu}m$ was highest. The concentration of PM increased very sharply at the beginning of charbroiling meats and then gradually decreased as the charbroiling continued. PM concentration also increased very sharply when gravy from meat spilled onto the frame of fire. However, mass concentration during charbroiling using only charcoals was very low compared to that of meats. We estimated the emission factors of charcoal, pork belly and pork shoulder respectively; 0.01~0.02 g/kg, 5.02~6.26 g/kg, 2.86~4.15 g/kg of $PM_{2.5}$, 0.01~0.03 g/kg, 7.44~7.91 g/kg, 4.54~5.56 g/kg of $PM_{10}$, and 0.02~0.05 g/kg, 7.59~7.95 g/kg, 4.93~5.68 g/kg of TSP. The emission factors of charcoal were negligible and the emission factors of pork belly were higher than that of pork shoulder. Emission rates of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking process were estimated as 578,009~1,265,152 kg/yr of $PM_{2.5}$, 917,539~1,598,619 kg/yr of $PM_{10}$ and 996.358~1,606,703 kg/yr of TSP. But emission factors should be verified with an in-stack cascade impactor because the reported method involves some assumptions.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.35-39
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• 2008

Objective: Recently biophysical research has shown very weak radiation of photons in plant, animal and human cells. Biophoton emission of the aliving system has received specific phenomena because of its scientific potential for monitoring metabolism to human body. This paper proposes a new challenge possibility of the biophoton emission in biophysiological human condition index. Method: Biophoton emission were measured with twenty one healthy volunteers. The study analyses existence for the effect of specific acupoint stimulus, exposure to the sun and low temperature in healthy volunteers. Two photomultiplier tubes which spectral range was from 300 nm to 650 nm was used for the detection of biophoton emission observation of possible acupuncture stimulation effect at left hand palm. Result: There was a reversion of relative emission rates from the palms affected the environment condition. Otherwise, when the acupuncture stimulation, the emission rate was not enough significantly change(p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, biophoton emissions depend on the environment condition for all subjects. Measurments with the biophoton emission rate analysis might be much considered in future studies.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.90-101
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• 2009

An objective of this study is to suggest a procedure to evaluate vehicle emissions regardless of the driving pattern. Field experiments using portable emission measurement system were conducted under the real world driving cycle. Standardized average for NOx, $CO_2$ emission and fuel consumption rates were calculated while the vehicle specific power distribution within each vehicle speed bin was taken into consideration. Composite emission factor and fuel economy, which were obtained based on the standardized average results and traffic statistics, showed good similarity to those acquired through the conventional chassis dynamometer tests qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Considering that a conventional method obviously has a limitation to reflect various characteristics of the real world, the new approach suggested in this study can be used as an alternative procedure to collect more specific data to establish the mobile emission factors.