• Spatial Information Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2011

이산화탄소의 배출량을 산정하는 방식은 주로 제련소, 화력발전소 등 제조공정에서 소비되는 에너지 통계에 의거하여 배출량을 추정하는 방식으로 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 지목이 토지이용패턴에 따라 다르게 배출되는 이산화탄소를 감시하기 위한 지표로 활용될 수 있는지를 평가하고자 수행되었다. 그리하여 사례 연구지역에서 이산화탄소 배출량을 측정하여 토지이용의 관점에서 지목별 변화 추세에 대한 평가가 이루어졌다. 정부통계에만 의존하는 간접추계 방식과 달리 지목 기반의 평가는 광역적인 이산화탄소 농도의 분포실태를 단시간에 제시하였다. 특히 대지 등 비자연적인 지목에서 높은 수치를 보여주었다. 반면, 임야 등 흡수원으로 특성을 지닌 지목은 전체적으로 배출원에 비해 낮은 수치를 보여주었다. 본 연구의 가장 큰 성과는 지목별 이산화탄소 배출량 변화 실태를 정량적으로 제시하고 있기 때문에 각종 개발사업의 계획단계부터 배출원과 흡수원을 지정하고 관리함에 있어 지목에 의거 도로 건설 등 저탄소 도시에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 개발사업을 규제하는 과정에서 온실가스 배출을 최소화하기 위한 지표로서 설득력을 지닌 근거자료로 지목의 가능성을 보여주었다. 본 연구의 가장 큰 성과는 "지목 기반의 이산화탄소 배출 감시"라는 새로운 개념을 제시하였다는 데 있을 것이다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.2258-2261
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• 2010

Since national mid-term target for GHG reduction was determined in 2009, various efforts in transportations have been prepared. Generally, the GHG emission of transportation is calculated using the emission factor published from IPCC guideline(2006). However, it is necessary to develop new emission factors considering the properties of transportation as well as fuel. In Korean railroad, main emission sources are the consumption of diesel and electricity from railcar operation. The GHG emission of electric-powered railcars can be estimated using national electric emission factor, but diesel-powered railcars show different trends. The purpose of this study was to establish the development plans of emission factors for diesel-powered railcars. As a result, the emission factors of diesel-powered railcars were classified into railcar type, engine type and life cycle, notch, load, and traffic volume. In future, several emission factors with this category will be presented quantitatively through field tests with the order of priority.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2017

This study aimed to suggest priority for developing emission factor (EF) and to develop the methodology of quantitative assessment of EF in the forestry sector. Based on the stock-difference method, 17 kinds of EFs (27 EFs based on forest types) were required to calculate the carbon emission in the forestry sector. Priority for developing EFs followed the standards, which is a development plan by the government agency, importance of carbon stock for greenhouse gas, and EFs by the species. Currently, the most urgent development of EFs was carbon fraction in biomass and carbon stock in dead wood. Meanwhile, the quantitative assessment of EF consisted of 7 categories (5 categories of compulsory and 2 categories of quality evaluation) and 12 verification factors. Category in compulsory verification consisted of administrative document, determination methodology of emission factors, emission characteristic, accuracy of measurement and analysis, and data representative. Category in quality evaluation consisted of data management and uncertainty estimates. Based on the importance of factors in the verification process, each factor was scored separately, however, the score needs to be coordinated by the government agency. These results would help build a reliable and accurate greenhouse gas inventory report of Korea.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2004

The main objectives of this study were to identify from literature review the potential sources and to provide a preliminary national emission inventory for the unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (i.e., by - product PCBs). In Korea, fuel combustion, waste combustion, thermal industrial processes, and transportation were identified as potential sources of by -product PCB s. According to the availability of the emission factors and/or activity data, emission inventory could be assessed only for fuel combustion, waste combustion, steel industry, non-ferrous industry, and non-metallurgical industry. The total national emission of by-product PCBs was estimated to be 1087kg for the year 2000. The preliminary estimation further indicated that the steel manufacturing was the single dominant emission category, contributing 93％ to the total emission. Of the steel manufacturing processes, the contribution of the electric arc furnace was about 80％ of the total emission. Due to high uncertainty associated with both the emission factors and activity statistics, the emission estimates in this study are likely to contain significant errors. However, the results of the present work could serve the first step toward future efforts to establish national source and emission inventories of by-product PCBs.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.249-280
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• 2014

IPCC는 국가별 온실가스 배출량이 얼마나 확실한 값인가를 보여줄 수 있는 불확도를 함께 보고하도록 규정하고 있다. 그렇지만 한국 정부는 IPCC 기본값을 그대로 적용하고 있는 수준에 불과하며, 그나마도 결측된 값들이 있어서 전체적인 불확도를 산정하지 못한 채 항목별 불확도만을 나열하고 있을 뿐이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 국가 온실가스 배출량의 85.3%를 차지하는 에너지분야를 대상으로 Tier 1 수준의 에러전파방법을 이용해서 온실가스 인벤토리의 불확도를 추정하고 있다. 분석결과 국내 에너지분야 온실가스 배출량의 불확도는 3.4%였으며, 이는 핀란드와 유사한 수치인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그렇지만 온실가스별로는 이산화탄소의 불확도가 2.7%에 불과했지만, 메탄은 116%, 아산화질소는 473%에 달할 정도로 차이가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 한국 정부가 에너지분야의 불확도를 낮추려면 이산화탄소 보다는 메탄과 아산화질소를 대상으로 활동도뿐만 아니라 배출계수의 개선이 필요하다는 정책적 함의가 제시될 수 있었다. 결론적으로는 IPCC 기본값 대신에 신뢰도 높은 한국 고유의 배출계수를 개발하는 작업이 필요함을 제안하고 있다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.599-610
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• 2011

Emission of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$), hydrocarbons (HC), $SO_2$, and particulate matter (PM) and $CO_2$ from ship during 2009 in Busan port was estimated based on activity-based method. The significant fraction (> 50%) of ship emission resulted from container and general cargo ships. Emission at port operation mode was the most dominant compared to at sea and maneuvering modes. Emission at North port was the largest source of air pollutants among ports. The magnitudes of air pollutants $NO_x$, $SO_2$, HC, $CO_2$, and PM in Busan port were $8.7{\times}10^3$, $8.23{\times}10^3$, $0.35{\times}10^3$, $4.86{\times}10^6$, and $0.67{\times}10^3$ ton/yr, respectively. The ratio of $NO_x$ to VOC is about 25. Our ship emission estimate is 2 times higher than that in CAPSS emission inventory.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.410-419
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• 2009

Generally, air pollutant emission at workplace is estimated by two methods: indirect methods using emission factors and direct methods based on CEMS (Continuous Emission Monitoring System). CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) is a representative indirect method and the national air pollutant database of Korea. However, characteristics of some workplaces may create a gap between CAPSS and CEMS data. For improving of emission data accuracy, emission data of CEMS (named CleanSYS) equipped at 138 target workplaces were compared with those of CAPSS. As a result, $SO_x$ and $PM_{10}$ emission levels obtained by CAPSS were lower than those of CleanSYS. $SO_x$ and $PM_{10}$emission ratios were 61.5% and 71.2% lower respectively, showing the biggest gaps. On the other hand, $NO_x$ emission of CAPSS was higher by 10.4%. $SO_x$ showed the biggest difference in 'Energy industry combustion' and $NO_x$ did in 'Production Process' within the SCC category. $PM_{10}$ presented a large gap in 'Manufacturing industry combustion.' The differences in $SO_x$ between the two systems occurred because some large-size facilities lack pollution controllers or efficient pollution controllers. Based on this study, CAPSS emission database of Korea will improve accuracy through adopting CEMS emission system, which enables more efficient national atmospheric policies and workplace management.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2015

This study was reviewed the national greenhouse gas inventory report (NIR) of Annex I countries and estimated national greenhouse gas inventory on wetlands in Korea. Annex I countries submitted National Inventory Report which are focused on land converted to wetlands category and wetland remaining wetland (mainly peat lands) because IPCC did not suggest a formal methodology on flooded land. So we conducted a study on estimating of national greenhouse gas inventory in wetland (flooded land). The total annual $CO_2-eq.$ emission of wetland remaining wetland (flooded land) was ranged from 99.9 Gg $CO_2-eq.$ to 237.1 Gg $CO_2-eq.$ from 1990 to 2012. The $CO_2-eq.$ emissions was declined after peaking in 1995, however, it slightly increasing in recently years. The latest total $CO_2-eq.$ emission from flooded land was 117.7 Gg $CO_2-eq.$ in 2012 which was covered only 0.00002% of national GHG inventory. This means that flooded land is not key-category in Korea. We will consider an improvement for emissions of flooded land, if IPCC suggest formal or complementary methodology.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2017

In this research, we have developed standardized procedures for preparing of emission inventories on military sector. The procedures are as follows; 1) Identify all relevant emission sources list of military sector in Republic of Korea. 2) Select methods to estimate GHGs emissions by source categories such as heating boilers, tactical vehicles, military vessels and military aviation from US EPA, IPCC, EEA/EMEP, and ROK Ministry of Environment. 3) Identify and select data sources for activities and parameters from Korea annual oil statistics and Korea Procurement system. 4) Compare with each GHGs emission used by each activities. The conclusive results utilized by emission source categories and associated factors are described as follows; In 2013, GHGs was estimated 2,656 kilotons $CO_2-eq$ emitted by military sector. The diesel combustion contributed from a minimum of 43.8% to a maximum of 50.2% and JP-8 contributed from a minimum of 43.7% to a maximum of 52.8% to the 2001~2015 GHGs emission trend. In the result of comparing GHGs emissions with Korea Annual Oil Statistics (Tier 1) and supplied fuel through the Korea Procurement System (Tier 2) in 2015, the total GHGs emission was 2,867 kilotons $CO_2-eq$ estimated by Tier 2 is similar to the emission estimated by Tier 1. However, this reveals that the GHGs emission separated by local areas were a lot of different from Tier 1 and 2. The cause of difference between Tier 1 and Tier 2 was that Korea annual oil statistics utilized data from a fuel supplier. The data does not reflect the reality of the location of end user.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2016

The major greenhouse gases (GHGs) in agricultural sector are methane ($CH_4$), nitrous oxide ($N_2O$), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). GHGs emissions are estimated by pertinent source category in a guideline book from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) such as methane from rice paddy, nitrous oxide from agricultural soil and crop residue burning. The methods for estimation GHGs emissions in agricultural sector are based on 1996 and 2006 IPCC guideline, 2000 and 2003 Good Practice Guidance. In general, GHG emissions were calculated by multiplying the activity data by emission factor. The total GHGs emission is $10,863Gg\;CO_2-eq$. from crop cultivation in agricultural sector in 2013. The emission is divided by the ratio of greenhouse gases that methane and nitrous oxide are 64% and 34%, respectively. Each gas emission according to the source categories is $7,000Gg\;CO_2-eq$. from rice paddy field, $3,897Gg\;CO_2-eq$. from agricultural soil, and $21Gg\;CO_2-eq$. from field burning, respectively. The GHGs emission in agricultural sector had been gradually decreased from 1990 to 2013 because of the reduction of cultivation. In order to compare with indirect emissions from agricultural soil, each emission was calculated using IPCC default factors (D) and country specific emission factors (CS). Nitrous oxide emission by CS applied in indirect emission, as nitrogen leaching and run off, was lower about 50% than that by D.