• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.155-166
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• 2002

This study was performed to figure out the level of anxiety and relating factors of ICU patients as the hospitalization in ICU grows more recently. Data collection was conducted from July 1st to August 31st, 2001. The subjects of this study were consisted of 101 ICU patients who were selected according to the criteria in S hospital, C city. The instruments of the research were consisted of 14 questions of general characteristics, 20 items of STAI, VAS, 24 questions for the anxiety relating factors. And data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and pearson correlation for group difference and correlation with SPSS Win 10.0 program. The followings were the results of the study: 1. In the anxiety level, mean score on STAI was 53.7(item mean $2.69{\pm}.83$), and mean score on VAS was 5.23. It means that the anxiety level of ICU patients was moderate. 2. Among the relating factors of anxiety, the most highest scores were 'by seeing other patient's emergency situation' and 'by seeing other patient's death' figured 3.85 and 3.79 each. And the lowest marks were 'by the unkind behavior of doctors and nurses'(2.13) and 'nurses' or doctors' indifferent actions'(2.21). And the anxiety according to the environmental factor was the highest (3.17) and the anxiety regarding to the human relationship was the lowest (2.53). 3. In the anxiety level STAI according to the general characteristics, the patients who didn't have to take care of their family showed more anxiety than who had to take care of their family(t=-2.38, p=.02). And the variables that shows a significant difference on VAS was sex and women's anxiety was higher than men's level (t=-2.56, p=.01). 4. When the physical anxiety level was compared, the patients who had to take care of their family showed more anxiety than the people who didn't have to take care of their family(t=-1.95, p=.05). In the level of anxiety relating the human relationship, the patients who had religion showed more anxiety than patients who didn't(t=2.43 p=.02). And the married patients(t=2.43, p=.01) and more educated people(F=3.77, p=.01) showed more anxiety. Even though environmental anxiety was the highest factor, it was not significant with general characteristics. 5. The anxiety and relating factors showed positive significant relationship, and physical anxiety factor showed the strongest relation with STAI(r=.21, p<.01). And VAS level showed stronger relation with every factor of the anxiety than STAI. When the VAS level became higher, the anxiety relating to physical factor(r=.72, p<.01), human relationship(r=.63, P<.01), and environment became higher. According to the above result, the environmental anxiety was the highest level than other factors in ICU patient and thus the environmental nursing intervention becomes very important in ICU. Also nurses in ICU have to support the patients who showed higher level of anxiety in this study and try to develop the nursing intervention to relieve the anxiety of patients. And it is recommended that VAS is convenient and practical instrument for measuring the anxiety level in ICU patients.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.58-72
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• 2001

A Cerebrovascular accident(CVA), or Stroke is a medical emergency that occurred when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or blocked. The stroke causes physical function disorder due to hemiparalysis and emotional disorder. Also the stroke patients experience helplessness, powerlessness, sense of alienation and loss of hope. These feelings make the rehabilitation difficult because they lose the will of life. The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between perceived social support and hope of stroke survivors. The subjects for this study were 100 out-patients with stroke in one general hospital and oriental medicine hospital located in Mokpo. The data were analysed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA. Duncan test, Pearson's correlation, using the SPSS WIN 9.0 program. Data were collected from July 11 to September 9, 2000, using a structured questionnaire. The instruments used for this study : The social support scale developed by Park, Ji-won(1985) and the hope scale developed by Miller(1988). The results were as follows. 1. It was found that the higher the degree of perceived social support, the higher the degree of hope(r=.726, p=.000). Therefore hypothesis was supported. 2. The mean score of perceived social support was 77.8(SD=21.0) with a score range from 27.0 to 104.0. 3. The mean score of perceived hope was 117.0(SD=25.7) with a score range from 57.0 to 160.0. 4. The level of social support depending on general characteristics were significantly different in variables such as marital status(t=3.131, p=.010). degree of income satisfaction(F=16.027, p=.000). 5. The level of hope depending on general characteristics were significantly different in variables such as marital status(t=2.681, p=.040). current job(t=-2.055, p=.043) degree of income, satisfaction(F=11.363, p=.000). For these subjects, there was a significant relationship between social support and hope. The stroke survivors need social support to inspire their hope. Nurses should plan interventions to enhance social support for patients with stroke. The above results may be used as the basic data to seek more efficient way of elevating nursing practice and rehabilitation for the patients with stroke.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.183-194
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• 2002

This study was conducted to obtain a basic information related to a more systematic safety education and measures against children's accidents by a descriptive survey with regard to accidents actually experienced by elementary schoolers, their perceived safety education activities and school facilities to their safety lives. The data was collected among 1,654 pupils, belonging to the 5th and 6th grades in Pusan from Nov. 20 to Dec. 1, 2000. The data was analyzed using SPSSWIN(7.5). The results were as follows ; 1. According to the perception by elementary schoolers, they received safety life instruction at school in most cases from teachers in charge of their own class (41.0％). Such safety education was provided often during formal classes(24.4％). Traffic guidance was given by parents, highest in frequency(67.3％). 2. Matters as most often treated during safety life instruction were safety knowledge or dangerous things(37.5％). A majority of notices of school safety instruction were presented sometimes(48.4％). Source of knowledge about safety lives included teacher (35.3％), parents(32.9％), TV and newspaper (29.9％). As a source of knowledge of emergency treatment, school nurses were accounted for 41.3％ that was highest. 3.Among the 1,654 students, 91.8％ experienced at least more than one case of safety accident. The most frequent type and cause of safety accident were wound(33.7％). and self-carelessness(38.4％) respectively. In most cases, the subject experienced such accident during a break time(32.2％) and at a playgrounds. Part of body as most often damaged by accidents were arms and legs, 25.4％ higher than any other sides problem solving measures against the accident were taken by school nurse in most cases, 44.8％ in percentage point. 4. Those students' perceived safety management of school facilities showed that they considered classroom facilities as most safe (61.6％), while playground facilities as least safe(42.8％). They also responded that the treatment of glass fragments or stones at playground is the most important item of safety management.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.815-827
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• 2001

Accidents involving students are an important cause of death and disability. They also have enormous financial implications. In order to prevent childhood accidents. research and education for safety should be strengthened. The purpose of this study was to determine how often lower grade elementary students have accidents and what factors affect the accident rate. The study population consisted of 676 students who were in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th grades of twelve elementary schools located in Kun Wi Gun. The questionnaires were distributed to all of the 2nd to 4th grade student in the Kun Wi Gun to be completed by their parents about all the accidents which happened last one year and collected during the period of March 19, to March 30, 2001. The data were analyzed by using SPSS WIN 10.0 statistical package. The results of the study are as follow: 1. Among 676 students. 270 students had 540 accidental injuries during the study period. 2. The month, the day and the time with the highest accident rate were April. Monday. and between 1 and 4 p. m. each. 3. In the analysis of the location where the injury took place, the most frequent place was on school, around their homes and. then inside the home. 4. Most of accidents were caused by carelessness on the part of the students and the most frequent type of injury was an abrasion. 5. Students most injured part of the body was their legs. 6. They were treated at home most often and usually emergency treatment was performed by family members with disinfectant as first aid measure. Cost of the treatment of the accident ranged from 10.000 to 30,000 won in most cases. 7. Students' personality. type of family composition. mother's age and parents' education level were statistically significant. As a conclusion. 1st to 3rd grade rural elementary students need their assessment for accident involving condition. This study gave a very useful and important data to prepare accident prevention teaching program and to prepare accident prevention strategies.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.81-96
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyse early childhood teachers' perspectives and actual conditions of earthquakes and tsunami safety education. Methods : A total of 119 teachers were recruited from kindergarten and child-care center located in J city, all of whom gave consent to take part in these research. The data have been collected for 45 days from May to July in 2011. The data was analyzed by SPSS (version 17.0) and chi-square test. Results : The results of this study are summarized as follow. 1. 97.5% of the subjects considered earthquakes and tsunami safety education necessary, however, only 34.6% of them were given the education related to earthquakes and tsunami. 2. 63.9% of the early childhood teachers provided children in the kindergarten or childhood center with earthquakes and tsunami safety education, however, 30.3% of them were found to be without any experiences of earthquakes and tsunami safety education. 3. 68.5% of the teachers were informed earthquakes and tsunami safety knowledge. 4. 35.0% of respondents answered that the single session of earthquake and tsunami education was not efficient, thus expecting to receive continuing education. Conclusions : The study suggested that more teachers necessarily provide earthquake and tsunami safety education to reduce children's mortality rate in earthquakes and tsunami. The education program should be developed and systematized to improve teacher's knowledge. Moreover, the program should be continuously provided to teachers and children in the kindergarten or childhood center.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.43-56
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• 2010

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the attitude of healthcare consumers toward the East-West Collaborative Medical Practices(hereafter EWCMP). Method : The participants were 245 healthcare consumers who visited outpatient clinic of an university hospital, and attended at an emergency rescue educational program held by an emergency medical center, Busan. Data were collected by interviewing or self-reporting with questionnaires and analyzed with descriptive statistics and $X^2$ test with SPSS win 14.0. Results : 53.1 percent of 245 participants has heard, 13.9 percent has ever used, and 82.4 percent wanted to use EWCMP in the future. For participants who has used EWCMP, the decision to use it was made by themselves(58.8%), 26.5% of them was satisfied with EWCMP, and 79.4% showed the intention to introduce EWCMP to others. The use of EWCMP was significantly different by gender($X^2$=4.702, p=0.030) and having job or not($X^2$=14.305, p<0.001). Preferred type of EWCMP was to use both medical and Korean medical treatment at the same time(42.4%). Musculoskeletal disease(51.0%) and circulatory disease(51.0%) were expected to be the most effective when the EWCMP applied to them. Utilization of EWCMP was expected to be effective in disease treatment(88.2%), diagnosis(83.3%), and prevention(75.1%), and to increase medical cost(66.1%). Intention to use of EWCMP was not significantly different by demographic characteristics. Conclusion : Considering low proportion of utilization of and positive attitude toward the EWCMP among general populations, it is needed to introduce or advertise EWCMP to them.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 2015

Background: Heart attack is the most common cause of line-of-duty death in the fire service. Daily aspirin therapy is a preventative measure used to reduce the morbidity of heart attacks but may decrease the ability to dissipate heat by reducing skin blood flow. Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, firefighters were randomized to receive 14 days of therapy (81-mg aspirin or placebo) before performing treadmill exercise in thermal-protective clothing in a hot room [$38.8{\pm}2.1^{\circ}C$, $24.9{\pm}9.1%$ relative humidity (RH)]. Three weeks without therapy was provided before crossing to the other arm. Firefighters completed a baseline skin blood-flow assessment via laser Doppler flowmetry; skin was heated to $44^{\circ}C$ to achieve maximal cutaneous vasodilation. Skin blood flow was measured before and after exercise in a hot room, and at 0 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes of recovery under temperature conditions ($25.3{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$, $40.3{\pm}13.7%\;RH$). Platelet clotting time was assessed before drug administration, and before and after exercise. Results: Fifteen firefighters completed the study. Aspirin increased clotting time before and after exercise compared with placebo (p = 0.003). There were no differences in absolute skin blood flow between groups (p = 0.35). Following exercise, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was $85{\pm}42%$ of maximum in the aspirin and $76{\pm}37%$ in the placebo groups. The percentage of maximal CVC did not differ by treatment before or after recovery. Neither maximal core body temperature nor heart rate responses to exercise differed between trials. Conclusion: There were no differences in skin blood flow during uncompensable heat stress following exercise after aspirin or placebo therapy.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.215-229
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• 2013

Objectives : Basic life support (BLS) is considered one of the essential clinical skills medical students should master. Nevertheless, neither the current state of education nor the educative effect of and attitudes toward BLS in Korean medical students have yet been reported. The aim of this study was to examine the educative effect of BLS training for Korean medical students in terms of attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Methods : Surveys concerning attitudes toward BLS and its education, and tests for knowledge and scheme performance were conducted with 85 students in a college of Korean medicine under training for American Heart Association (AHA) BLS course for healthcare providers. Results : Before training, 70.6% of students answered they felt the necessity to be trained in the BLS course. The levels of confidence to perform and self-presumed knowledge on BLS were low at first. After training, however, the level of confidence and knowledge increased significantly. In the final test, the mean scores of written test and scheme performance significantly decreased, while the level of confidence didn't. Most of the participants answered they wanted to be re-trained under regular re-education system. Conclusions : To evaluate the current state of BLS education and its educative effect in Korean medical schools, it's required to expand the target of research to larger number of colleges and students over the country.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.167-179
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was performed to analyze the job of school health teachers working at high schools in Seoul, using DACUM (Developing a curriculum), a method for analyzing job-focused competency. Methods: A DACUM workshop was held to define school health teachers' role and identify their duties and tasks. For the workshop, a committee was organized, consisting of 5 school health teachers. Finally, the developed contents, after validation, were made into a survey asking about school health teacher's duties and tasks and the survey was carried out on 37 school health teachers. Results: 14 duties and 90 tasks were identified on the DACUM chart. The importance, difficulty, and frequency of the tasks were represented with ${\alpha}$ bet A, B, and C, with A being the highest degree. The duty with the biggest determinant coefficient (DC) was 'management of emergency patients' (DC=7.95), while the lowest was 'management of health clinic supplies' (DC=4.33). In terms of tasks, the one with the biggest DC was 'conducting physical assessment for emergency patients' (DC=7.8), followed by 'conducting health classes' (DC=7.79). 'Supervising school lunch' (DC=2.02) and 'supervising self-study' (DC=2.42) were the tasks with the smallest and the second smallest DC. Conclusion: The results of the study show that school health teachers'job expanded to include preventive activities such as health education, health counseling, and health promotion activities. The results of this study can serve as basic data for developing training programs for school health teachers as well as an evaluation-scale to measure school health teachers' job performance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.149-167
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• 1999

This study was designed and carried out to investigate the effect of Assertiveness Training on the stress response and assertive behavior of emergency room nurses from September 22, to December 21. 1997. The subjects were 45 emergency room nurses of three general hospitals of Korea University Medical Center; 25 assigned for the experimental and 20 for the control group. The Assertive Training Program was composed of cognitive training, behavioral training and progressive muscle relaxation. The subjects of the experimental group carried out the 15-minute progressive muscle relaxation according to recorded-tape once a day for 6 weeks. The cognitive and the behavioural training were conducted by the investigator for 5-8 subjects at a time for 9 series, at an interval of 4-5 days. Post-measurement were administered to all sujects in two groups three weeks after the last session. The level of general stress (Cline, 1992), job stress (Kim & Koo, 1984), physiological response to stress (cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine), symptoms of stress (Lee, 1984) and assertive behavior (Kim, 1982) were measured before the first and after the last experiments. Data were analysed by x2, t, paired t, Wilcoxon signed rank tests Wilcoxon rank sums tests. The results are as follows : 1. The level of general stress of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group, however, no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.234) was revealed. 2. A significant reduction of job stress was revealed in the experimental group (P=0.017). 1) A significant reduction of interpersonal conflicts in the experimental group was revealed (P=0.018). 3. The physiological stress-response were analyzed as follows : 1) A decrease of Cortisol in both the experimental and the control groups was noticed, however, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.991). Pre-and post-measurement of the level of Corti sol revealed that a notable decrease in the experimental group and an increase in the control group with no significant difference in the day-day subjects (P=0.765), a significant decrease was noted on the level of Cortisol of the experimental group in the night-night nurses (P=0.036). 2) An increase of Epinephrine in both groups was noticed, however, a difference was not statistically significant between the two groups (P=0.082). Pre-and post-measurement of the level of Epinephrine revealed that a notable decrease in the experimental group and an increase in the control group with no significant difference in the day-day subjects (P=0.136). increases were noted on the level of Epinephrinel of both groups in the night-night nurses (P=0.136), 3) The level of Norepinephrine of the experimental group was significantly decreased (P=0.020). Pre-and post-measurement of the level of Norepinephrine revealed that a notable decrease in the experimental group and an increase in the control group with no significant difference in the day-day subjects (P=0.073). a significant decrease was noted on the level of Norepinephrine of the experimental group in the night-night nurses (P=0.036), 4. Symptoms of stress were reduced in both groups, with no significant differences between the groups (P=0.127). 1) The physical stress symptoms were reduced in both groups, with no significant difference (P=0.386), 2) The cognitive-behavioral stress symptoms were significantly reduced in the experimental group (P=0.037). 3) The emotional stress symptoms were reduced in both groups with no significant difference between the groups (P=0.110). 5. The assertive behavior was significantly increased in the experimental group (P=0.000). This study signified the Assertiveness Training as an effective mean of self intervention for the reduction of stress of nurses assigned to emergency rooms.