• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.421-431
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• 2002

C-shaped canal configuration is very difficult to treat because that clues about preoperative canal anatomy cannot be ascertained from clinical crown morphology and limited information can be derived from radiographic examination. This study was done to get more informations about the root and canal configuration of C-shape root by 3-dimensionally reconstructing for the purpose of enhancing success rate of endodontic treatment. 30 mandibular molars with C-shaped root were selected. Six photo images from occlusal, apical, mesial, distal, buccal, lingual directions and radiographic view were taken as preoperative ones to compare them with 3-D image. After crown reduction to the level of 1-2mm over pulpal floor was performed, teeth were stored in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution for the removal of pulp tissue and debris. They were cleaned under running water, allowed to bench dry and embedded in a self-curing resin. This resin block was serially ground with a microtome (Accutom-50, Struers, Denmark) and the image of each level was recorded by digital camera (FinePix S1-pro, Fuji Co., Japan). The thickness of each section was 0.25mm. Photographs of serial sections through all root canal were digitized using Adobe Photoshop 5.0 and then minimum thickness of open and closed sites were measured (open site is the surface containing occluso-apical groove closed site is oppsite). After dizitization using 3-D Doctor (Able software Corp, USA). 3D reconstruction of the outer surface of tooth and the inner surface of pulp space was made. Canal classsification of C-shaped roots was performed from this 3-D reconstructed image. The results were as follows : 1. Most C-shape rooted teeth showed lingual groove (28/30). 2 According to Vertuccis' calssification, type I, II, III, IV, VII were observed. but also new canal types suck as 2-3-2, 1-2-3-2. 2-3-2-1, 2-3-2-3 were shown. 3 There was little difference in minimum thickness on coronal and apical portions, but open site were thinner than closed site on mid portion. Conclusively, 3D reconstruction method could make the exact configurations of C-shape root possible to be visualized and analyzed from multi-directions. Data from minimum thickness recommend cleaning and shaping be more carefully done on dangerous mid portion.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 2011

As the construction industry has recently been transformed by the emergence of ubiquitous and intelligent technology, there have been major changes in the management methods employed. Specifically, next-generation construction management systems have been developed that collect and analyze many pieces of information in real time by using various wireless sensors and networks. The purpose of this study is to understand the current status of Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN) in the construction sector, and to gain fundamental data for a system of measuring concrete curing temperature in a construction site that employs a USN. By investigating the application status of USN, it was confirmed that USN has mainly been applied to the maintenance of facilities, safety management, and quality control. In addition, a field experiment in which the curing temperature of concrete was measured using a USN was carried out to evaluate two systems with wireless sensor networks, and the applicability of these systems on site was confirmed. However, it is estimated that the embedded wireless sensor type is affected by metal equipment on site, internal battery of sensor and concrete depth, and studies to provide more stable system by USN are thus required.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.25-56
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• 1975

Most fluorite deposits of South Korea are distributed in three metallogenic zones namly as: Hwacheon, Hwangangni and Geumsan metallogenic zones. Fluorite deposits of each zone show The characteristic features owing to the geological setting, the structural patterns and their forming processes. deposits of the Hwacheon metallogenic zone are wholly fissure filling hydrothermal veins emThe bedded in shear fractures of the granite gneiss or schists of Precambrian age or in the cooling fractures of the granite and acidic hypabyssal rocks which are assumed to be a differentiated sister rock of the granite. Localization of most fluorite veins of the region is structurally controlled by NW and EW fracture systems and genetically related to the granite intrusion which ascertained as motivating rock of the fluorite mineralization. Fluorites are in most cases accompanied by quartz, chalcedony mainly and rarely agate, calcite, barite and sulphide base metals in some localities. The deposits of the Hwangangni metallogenic zone were formed at the last stage of hydrothermal polymineralization of W, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn. The majority of the fluorite ore bodies were originated from replacement in limestone beds of Great Limestone Series or in calcareous interbeds of metasediments, whereas some cavity-filling ore bodies were embedded in phyllites and schists of the Ockcheon system and along the fissures in the replaced beds which were originated by volume decrease. The localization of fluorite deposits in this region is genetically related to the Moongyong granite which has been dated as middle Cretaceous, and controlled structurally by the $N20^{\circ}{\sim}50^{\circ}W$ extension fracture system or axial planes of folds, and by faults of NE direction that acted as paths of ore solution. The deposits of the Geumsan metallogenic zone are seemed to be formed through the similar process as that of Hwangangni metallogenic zone, but characteristic distinctions are in that they are more prevailing fracture filling veins and large number of the deposits are localized in roof-pendants or xenolithes of limestone in granites and porphyries. Igneous rocks that presumably motivated the mineraltzation are middle Cretaceous Geumsan granite and porphyries. Metallogenic epoch of the fluorite mineralization of South Korea are puesumably limited in early-middle Cretaceous. Studies of the fluid inclusions in fluorites of the region reveal that the homogenization temperature of the fluorite deposits are as follows: Hwacheon metallogenic zone : $95^{\circ}C{\sim}165^{\circ}C$; Hwangangni metallogenic zone : $97^{\circ}C{\sim}235^{\circ}C$; Geumsan metallogenic zone : $93^{\circ}C{\sim}236^{\circ}C$. Judging from the above results, the deposits of the Hwancheon region were formed at the epithermal stage, and those in the Hwangangni and Geumsan regions, were deposited at epithermal stage preceded by mesothermal mineralization of small scale in which some sulphide minerals were deposited. The analytical data of minor elements in the fluorites reveal that ore solutions of Hwangangni metallogenic zone seemed to be emanated in more acidic stage of magma differentiation than Hwacheon metallogenic zone did.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1033-1053
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• 2011

In the process of establishing the principle of genetics, Mendel discovered problems based on various observations. Mendel's scientific thinking ability can be effective if this ability is embedded in gifted science education programs. The study aims to develop a science gifted education program utilizing Mendel's scientific thinking ability shown in the principles of genetics and examine students' changes in scientific thinking ability before and after the program implementation. For the program development, first, the characteristics of Mendel's scientific thinking ability in the process of establishing the principle of genetics were investigated and extracted the major elements of inquiry. Second, the science gifted education programs was developed by applying the inquiry elements from the Mendel's Law. The program was implemented with 19 students of $7^{th}$, $8^{th}$ graders who attend the science gifted education center affiliated with university during July 2011. The Mendel's scientific thinking ability was classified into induction, deduction, and integration. The elements of inquiry extracted from the Mendel's scientific thinking include making observation, puzzling observation, proposing causal questions, generating hypothesis, drawing inference, designing experiment, gathering and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and making generalization. With applying these elements, the program was developed with four phases: $1^{st}$ - problem finding; $2^{nd}$ - hypothesis generating; $3^{rs}$ - hypothesis testing and $4^{th}$ - problem solving. After implementation, students' changes in scientific thinking ability were measured. The findings from the study are as follows: First, students' abilities of problem finding is significantly (p<.05) increased. Second, students' abilities of hypothesis generating is significantly (pp<.05) increased.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.141-157
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• 2002

extensible Markup Language (XML) is a new markup language for data exchange on the Internet. In this paper, we propose a language extensible Rule Markup Language (XRML) which is an extension of XML. The implicit rules embedded in the Web pages should be identifiable, interchangeable with structured rule format, and finally accessible by various applications. It is possible to realize by using XRML. In this light, Web based Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) can be integrated with rule-based expert systems. To meet this end, we propose the six design criteria: Expressional Completeness, Relevance Linkability, Polymorphous Consistency, Applicative Universality, Knowledge Integrability and Interoperability. Furthermore, we propose three components such as RIML (Rule Identification Markup Language), RSML (Rule Structure Markup Language) and RTML (Rule Triggering Markup Language), and the Document Type Definition DTD). We have designed the XRML version 0.5 as illustrated above, and developed its prototype named Form/XRML which is an automated form processing for disbursement of the research fund in the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAISI). Since XRML allows both human and software agent to use the rules, there is huge application potential. We expect that XRML can contribute to the progress of Semantic Web platforms making knowledge management and e-commerce more intelligent. Since there are many emerging research groups and vendors who investigate this issue, it will not take long to see XRML commercial products. Matured XRML applications may change the way of designing information and knowledge systems in the near future.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.6 no.7
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• pp.337-352
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• 2017

Clone-and-own reuse is an approach to creating new software variants by copying and modifying existing software products. A family of legacy software products developed by clone-and-own reuse often requires high maintenance cost and tends to be error-prone due to patch-ups without refactoring and structural degradation. To overcome these problems, many organizations that have used clone-and-own reuse now want to migrate their legacy products to software product line (SPL) for more systematic reuse and management of software asset. However, with most of existing methods, variation points are embedded directly into design and code rather than modeled and managed separately; variation points are not created ("engineered") systematically based on a variability model. This approach causes the following problems: it is difficult to understand the relationships between variation points, thus it is hard to maintain such code and the asset tends to become error-prone as it evolves. Also, when SPL evolves, design/code assets tend to be modified directly in an ad-hoc manner rather than engineered systematically with appropriate refactoring. To address these problems, we propose a feature-oriented method for extracting a SPL asset from a family of legacy applications. With the approach, we identify and model variation points and their relationships in a feature model separate from implementation, and then extract and manage a SPL asset from legacy applications based on the feature model. We have applied the method to a family of legacy Notepad++ products and demonstrated the feasibility of the method.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.151-157
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• 2018

Among the various sensors for measuring traffic, PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric sensors are used to classify vehicles because they can detect the axle of the vehicle. Piezoelectric sensors are embedded in road pavements and are always exposed to traffic loads and environmental loads. Therefore, the life expectancy is very short, less than 6 years. Traffic control is essential for reinstallation and data collection is interrupted during the failure period. The lifespan will increase if the sensor installation depth is increased. In this study, the sensor signal output was analyzed with a variable depth of sensor installation to verify the possibility of deeper installation. Furthermore, various parameters, such as the weight and speed, were analyzed. The wheel load is applied using APT. As a result, the MSI BL sensor output signal is higher than 100mV when installed at 3cm, which is reliable. If the location of the sensor is deeper in the pavement, the expected lifetime of the sensor is also increased. On the other hand, the MSI cable was found to be less than 100mV at the shallowest depth of 1cm, making it impossible for field applications.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.59-76
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• 2019

This study aims to develop urban scenarios for future cities and validate the future city scenarios using a Delphi method. The scenarios of future city was derived from urban structure, land use, transportation, and urban infrastructure and development using big data analysis, environmental scanning techniques, and literature review. The Delphi survey interviewed 24 erudite scholars and experts across 6 nations including Korea, USA, UK, Japan, China, Australia and India. The Delphi survey structure was designed to test future city scenarios, verified by the 5-point Likert scale. The survey also asked the timing of each scenario likely happens by the three terms of near-future, mid-future and far-future. Results of the Delphi survey reveal the following points. Firstly, for the future urban structure it is anticipated that urban concentration continues and higher density living in global mega cities near future. In the mid-future small and medium size cities may decrease. Secondly, the land use pattern in the near-future is expected of increasing space sharing and mixed or layered vertical land-use. In addition underground space is likely to be extended in the mid-future. Thirdly, in the near-future, transport and infrastructure was expected to show ICT embedded integration platform and public and private smart transport. Finally, the result of Delphi survey shows that TOD (Transit Oriented Development) becomes a development norm and more emphasis on energy and environment fields.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to investigate the success factors pertaining to K-POPs from an analysis of the internal business environment. Much research has investigated Korean Moves or how to popularize them. The research mainly focused on aspects of Korean Moves. However, few studies have attempted to examine Korean Moves or K-POPs from a managerial viewpoint. The current research tries to investigate the success factors of K-POP from strategic perspectives, specifically utilizing internal resource based view perspectives. It differentiates itself by looking at the competitiveness of K-POP from the internal resources. Research design, data, and methodology - In the entertainment industry, where creativity is heavily stressed, competitiveness is often regarded within the organization as a form of intangible asset, knowledge, or technology that is often related with the organization's personnel. Some research has tried to reveal the competitiveness of K-POP using Porter's competitiveness of nations framework. Others utilize the adapted model of Porter's structure. However, these models only look at the outside environment, and not inside a firm's resource, knowledge, or capabilities. This research utilizes the VRIO model to examine the internal resources and capabilities of K-POP producers. The model measures whether a firm's internal resources and capabilities are valuable, rare, difficult to imitate by competitors, or organizable. The research covered businesses whose yearly revenue exceeds $10 Million in music planning and recording in South Korea. There were only thirteen such companies (one percent of the total population). Of these, companies for whom 20 percent or more of the sales revenue comes from the abroad are targeted. Only seven are selected and these participated in the research. In order to find a firm's internal resources, we conducted qualitative research methodology. Their business names and persons who participated in this research are not revealed due to case sensitive issues. Instead, we use unrelated initials for their names and their statements. Results - From the in-depth interview with top-tier K-POP producers and managers, the current research tried to identify resources and capabilities that helped to strengthen their competitiveness. These resources and capabilities are sought from the scope of the VRIO model, which looks at the internal resources and capabilities from the scope of value, rarity, imitability, and organization. Interviews with the top tier producers and managers reveal the internal success factors of K-POPs. We conclude that these resources and capabilities are from internally accumulated producing know-how, unique managing (training) system, and outstanding all-round entertainment capabilities of the performers. Conclusions - These results indicate that the core resources and capabilities of K-POP are robust. It will take a significant amount of time and money to imitate for followers, because these resources and capabilities are the result of time investment and are embedded into producers' and performers' know-how. Taking Luo (2000)'s argument, K-POP is in the second stage of the globalization process, which is configuring and allocation resource capabilities to a global scope.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9739-9745
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• 2014

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effects of hormone receptor, HER2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) prognosis and investigate whether or not phenotypic subtypes might exist. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 82 patients who were diagnosed with EOC between 2003 and 2012 and treated by platinum-based chemotherapy were retrospectively evaluated. Expression of EGFR, oestrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and cerbB2 (HER2) receptors were assessed immunohistochemically on paraffin-embedded tissues of these patients. Three phenotypic subtypes were defined according to ER, PR, and HER2 expression and associations of these with EGFR expression, clinicopathologic features, platinum sensitivity, and survival were investigated. Results: When we classified EOC patients into three subtypes, 63.4% had hormone receptor positive (HR(+)) (considering breast cancer subtypes, luminal A), 18.3% had triple negative, and 18.3% had HER2(+) disease. EGFR positivity was observed in 37 patients (45.1%) and was significantly more frequent with advanced disease (p=0.013). However, no significant association with other clinicopathologic features and platinum sensitivity was observed. HER2(+) patients had significantly poorer outcomes than HER2(-) counterparts (triple negative and HR positive patients) (p=0.019). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the strongest risk factor for death was residual disease after primary surgery. Conclusions: Triple negative EOC may not be an aggressive phenotype as in breast cancer. The HER2 positive EOC has more aggressive behaviour compared to triple negative and HR(+) phenotypes. EGFR expression is more frequent in advanced tumours, but is not related with poorer outcome. Additional ovarian cancer molecular subtyping using gene expression analysis may provide more reliable data.