• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effect of root extract of Pueraria thunbergiana Bentham (Puerariae Radix, PR) in diabetic mice as similar as emaciation-thirst disease in Oriental medicine. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were fed high fat (HF) and high sucrose (HS) for 8 weeks, and then administrated with 90 mg/kg body weight (bw) of streptozotocin (STZ) for induction of diabetes which is similar to the middle emaciation stage. After 5 days, blood glucose levels were measured, and selected the mice with ranges above $250mg/d{\ell}$. PR water extract was administrated orally once a day for 4 weeks with high fat and high sucrose. The levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, ${\gamma}glutamyl$ transpeptidase (${\gamma}GTP$), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were analysed in the serum. Also, observed their histological changes by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) of different organs, lung, heart, pancreas, stomach, liver, and kidney. Results : PR extract significantly decreased the levels of serum glucose and insulin in diabetic mice. PR extract significantly increased the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, GOT and GPT in diabetic mice. In H&E stain, PR extract inhibited the histopathological changes of lung (as a channel of the upper emaciation stage in the channel-tropism theory), pancreas (as a channel of the middle emaciation stage) and kidney (as a channel of the lower emaciation stage) in diabetic damage. Conclusions : PR extract has an anti-diabetic effect in HF/HS and low-dose STZ-induced diabetic mice. This result suggests that PR follows the channel-tropism theory in the emaciation-thirst disease through the protection of lung, pancreas and kidney.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.17.1-17.7
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• 2018

This study investigated the trend in emaciation infection outbreak in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) of Jeju island, South Korea, during 2014-2015. A total of 900 fish were systematically examined by PCR method using the EM-F/EM-R primer set in April, May, September, November, and December 2014, and the infection rate was recorded. In 2015, the same examination was conducted in March, May, July, and October but with 660 fish. It was found that the infection rate was 18.3~71.6% in 2014, which increased to 16.3~90.3% in 2015. Furthermore, September and December in 2014 and March, July, and October in 2015 showed a relatively higher infection rate. According to the infection trend analysis, which depended on the sample size, the infection occurred in all of fish sizes in this study and 11~30 cm fish group showed the highest infection rate. Histological examination confirmed that the kidney areas of the emaciating infected olive flounder contained several spores of $4{\sim}9{\mu}m$, and in severe cases, the elimination and destruction of tissue were confirmed by PCR. Thus, an important portion of farmed olive flounders in the Jeju region suffers from emaciation disease. This epidemiological survey serves as a useful reference on the emaciation disease of cultured olive flounders in Jeju

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.719-724
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• 2015

In this study aiming at the cultured olive flounders in Jeju island of Korea, has performed a total of 216 cases of pathogen tests for the olive flounders which seemingly had the symptom of emaciation in 24 farms on the suspicion of its occurrence from June 2010 to December 2013 and intended to get the basic information about the pathogen. According to the survey results of the emaciation infection status of 24 farms in Jeju over the period of this survey, it was confirmed that 18 (75%) of 24 farms in Jeju are positive in the emaciation infection. Among them, as for the rate of infection per year, it was observed that they are 38% in 2010, 48% in 2011, 50% in 2012 and 60% in 2013, and over the period of this survey the infection rate in accordance with the temperature of water has observed a variety of incidence rates from the summer to the winter season. In addition, according to the results of emaciation infection status for each size, the equivalent showed a detection rate, 54% in 11-20 cm, 43.9% in 21-30 cm and 25.4% in over 31 cm. This result accounts for an important portion among the diseases of farmed olive flounders in Jeju, is considered to be one of the diseases which cause troubles in the farms for olive flounders on land and it is thought that it can be utilized as basic data in order to estimate emaciation which may occur in the similar size of the cultured olive flounders in Jeju island.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2020

In order to search candidates for the treatment of myxosporean emaciation disease of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted using products such as Coxi-stop, Coxiclin, and BLEAN80. In the case of Coxi-stop, whose major component is toltrazuril, in vitro experiment using BF-2 cells showed a tendency of reducing the activity of myxosporea and did not exhibit cytotoxicity such as cell lysis. In the in vivo activity measurements, the experimental group immersed with Coxi-stop showed a lower cumulative mortality rate than the control group, this result is similar to the previous report that toltrazuril has a therapeutic effect on parasitic fish disease. This study suggests that toltrazuril is a potential candidate for the treatment of emaciation disease of olive flounder.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Objectives : To prove the channel-tropism theory of herbal medicines on diabetes mellitus as emaciation-thirst disease in Korean Medicine Theory, we investigated the selective therapeutic effects of Mori Cortex Radidus (MCR), Schisandrae Fructus (SF), Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (AR) for the upper emaciation on different organs in high fat and high sucrose (HF/HS) feeding-induced prediabetic mice. Methods : Diabetes in C57BL/6 mice was induced by the administration of high fat (45 kal%) and high sucrose (32 kal%) for 8 weeks, and them treated with each extract at 250 or 500 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks (once a day). Oral glucose tolerance test and body weight was measured once a week. Insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, ${\gamma}GTP$, GOT and GPT were measured in the sera of all mice. Histopathological changes of different organs, lung, heart, pancreas, stomach, liver, and kidney were observed by H&E staining. Results : The results revealed that MCR extract inhibited the impaired glucose tolerance and lung damage, and increased serum insulin levels in HF/HS-induced prediabetic mice. SF extract inhibited the impaired glucose tolerance and lung damage, increased serum insulin levels, and decreased serum triglycerige levels. Meanwhile, AR extract inhibited the impaired glucose tolerance and lung damage, and decreased serum levels of insulin, total cholesterol and triglycerige levels. Conclusions : These results demonstrated that MCR, SF, and AR extract as the upper emaciation herbal medicines were followed their channel-tropism theory like a lung, and may have a selective therapeutic potential for control of diabetic stage.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.337-345
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• 2015

To investigate the causes of emaciation in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Korea. We performed histological examinations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a new primer set. In most cases, the most severe emaciation was observed in the abdominal area Using PCR on extracted livers, kidneys, spleens, gills, brains, and intestines, we found that areas around the kidneys and intestines were as almost always positive. In significantly emaciated fish, PCR was positive in all internal organs except the gills. In addition, the homology of 812-bp nucleotide sequences of the 28S rRNA gene was more than 99% in emaciated fish. Partial homology with Myxobolus spp. and Cystodiscus axonis, whose data were obtained from GenBank was 86% and 88%, respectively. Histological examinations detected spores in kidneys and intestines but not in other organs. We also performed cohabitation experiments to determine whether infections could be exchanged among species or only within species. Uninfected olive flounder and red sea bream, Pagrus major, cohabitating with emaciated olive flounder showed 100% and 0% cumulative mortality, respectively. Thus the cause of emaciation in cultured olive flounder of Korea is likely due to a new parasite.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

Objectives : To prove the channel-tropism theory in herbology, we investigated the anti-diabetic effect of six herbal plants used for lower wasting-thirst in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods : Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by consecutive injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg i.p.) for 5 days. The rats were divided into normal control, diabetic control, and diabetic treatment with Lycii Radicis Cortex (LRC, 300 mg/kg); Corni Fructus (CF, 300 mg/kg); Bombyx Batryticatus (BB, 50 mg/kg); Lycii Fructus (LF, 300 mg/kg); Phellodendri Cortex (PC, 300 mg/kg); Epimedii Herba (EH, 300 mg/kg); and glibenclimide (10 mg/kg) as a reference drug. Herbal extracts or reference drug were administered orally for 28 days. The changes of body weight, food intake and water intake, and serological markers such as blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Cr) were measured. Results : The decrease of body weight and the increase of food and water intake in STZ-induced diabetic rats was improved by the administration of CF and LF. Also, the enhancement of blood glucose and serum total cholesterol, TG, BUN and Cr in STZ-induced diabetic rats was significantly inhibited by the administration of CF, BB, LF and glibenclimide. On the other hand, EH strongly inhibited the increase of BUN and Cr in the sera of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Conclusions : These results suggest that among six herbal medicines used lower emaciation of emaciation-thirst disease, CF, BB, LF and EH show a characteristics including the channel-tropism theory.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 2023

Enteromyxum leei has been identified as the causative agent of emaciation disease in a wide range of marine fish hosts. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of the parasitic infection of Enteromyxum species on starry flounder that were cultured in aquaculture farms of Jeju island in Korea. As the mortality of cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus because of E. leei infection increased, some fish farms on Jeju island attempted to culture the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus, as an alternative. Myxosporeans with a developmental stage similar to E. leei were found in the intestines of cultured starry flounders. The partial 18S rDNA of myxosporeans showed 100% similarity with E. leei. To reveal the effect of E. leei infection on starry flounder, the intensity of E. leei infection measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the condition factor (CF) of fish were measured and analyzed statistically. The results showed that high-intensity E. leei infection significantly decreased the CF of the starry flounder. However, the pathogenicity of E. leei to starry flounder is low, considering its mortality and clinical signs.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.680-687
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• 2004

A study on the correlation between four GCM types and Dam and Bangkwang types of Hyungsang medicine comes to the following conclusions : GCM I type is closely related to Bangkwang type in Hyungsang medicine. GCM II type corresponds to Dam type. In terms of obesity and emaciation, GCM I type is related to obesity and GCM II type to emaciation. In terms of Right and Left, GCM I type is more active in Left, GCM II type in Right. In terms of movement, GCM I and II types are kinetic and GCM III and IV types are static. In terms of Front and Back, the disease of GCM I type usually appears on Back but the treatment starts on Front. In GCM II type, disease mainly occurs on Front but the treatment starts on Back. GCM I type is susceptible to an alimentary disease and constitutionally predisposed to damp-phlegm in Hyungsang medicine. GCM II type is easily affected by a circulatory illness and very vulnerable to heat with blood deficiency and depression and stagnation of Ki.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2001

Porcine circoviruses(PCV) are the smallest nonenveloped DNA viruses containing a unique single-stranded circular genome. No recognized link was found between PCV infection of pig and disease. But the PCV consistently identified from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(PMWS) and researches indicate that there are strong relationships between PCV and PMWS. Clinical signs were emaciation, dyspnea, high fever with normal appetite. Necropsy findings showed respiratory disease complex lesion and lymph node anomalities. An indirect-immunofluorescent antibody procedure was used to assay swine sera for the presence of PCV atibodies. Antibodies against PCV were found in an average of 20% of the samples tested. The PCV DNA was amplified from lymph nodes collected from pigs. PCV specific primers were successfully amplified PCV DNAs. Further studies are needed to determine the possible role this virus might have in disease.