• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.250-258
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• 2012

The distribution of wave heights is assumed to be a Rayleigh distribution, based on the assumption of a narrow band and Gaussian distribution of wave elevation. The present study was started with doubts about the narrow band assumption. We selected the wave spectra widely used to simulate irregular random waves. The wave spectra used in this study included the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum, Bretschneider-Mitsuyasu spectrum, and JONSWAP spectrum. The directionality of the waves was considered. The cosine 2-l type directional spreading function and mixed form of the half-cosine 2-s type with Mitsuyasu type directional spreading are considered here to investigate the effects of a directional spreading function on random waves. The simulated wave height distribution is compared with a Rayleigh distribution.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.5-15
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• 2013

104 village has kept the landscape of low-income settlements at hillside village as called 'Daldongnae' since 1960s. It has high urban and social values in modern housing history of Korea. This study is to analyze the basic type, transformed type of street facade and also the meaning in the modern housing history. It analyzes basic elements(building elevation, gate, fence) and subsidiary elements(roof form, door, window), and the type of street facade by the composition of the element.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.65-75
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• 2001

This study purpose to elucidate the characteristics of water quality by elevation and groundwater samples has been studied with the samples from 150 selected groundwater represented the watershed of groundwater wells in Cheju Island. The evaluation of the characteristics of water quality utilized the physical and chemical property and the statistical analysis. According to the piper diagram, groundwater in the under 50 m region is shown N $a^{+}$＋ $K^{+}$-C $l^{[-10]}$ type, and that groundwater in the 50~100 m region is shown N $a^{+}$＋ $K^{+}$-HC $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ ＋C $O_3$$^{2-}$ type. and partly N $a^{+}$＋ $K^{+}$-C $l^{[-10]}$ type. In the above 100 m region belongs to N $a^{+}$＋ $K^{+}$-HC $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ ＋C $O_3$$^{2-}$ type. The result of factor analysis, commonly two factors as TDS(Total Dissolved Solid) and the contaminants extracted in the under 50m region and above 100 m region. Three factors were obtained from the result of the factor analysis in the 50~100 m region. Factor 1, consisting of TRS content. Factor 2, consisting of the contaminant and the dissolution of minerals. and Factor 3, consisting of HC $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ content. content.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2017

The underflow type movable weirs were arranged in a multi-stage way along a reach at the Chiseong River, where flooding has been observed frequently. With management water level of the movable weirs the control effects of storage and flood were suggested and the control effects were compared with those of existed weir system. The water level for the targeted storage and flood elevation was suggested by building the artificial neural network model. When the underflow type of movable weirs were arranged in a multi-stage way, the peak flood elevation decreased by 68.28% in the downstream compared with the existed weir system, and the total storage of the target section of multi-stage movable weirs increased by 216%. As a result of numerical simulation to build the artificial neural network model, 60%, 20%, and 20% among 216 data were used for the training, validation, and test, respectively. The training result of mean square error was $0.1681m^2$ and the high coefficients of determination were 0.9961, 0.9967, and 0.9943 in the training, validation, and test, respectively. As a result the water level management of each movable weir for the controls of flood elevation in the targeted downstream and targeted storage was suggested by using the artificial neural network.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.335-340
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• 2010

This paper is about a projection method to check existence of radius groove penetration of screw after distal radius fracture operation using the T-type plate. Angle of Radius groove was analyzed by fifty one CT images that contains patients' wrist and twenty cases of radius specimens. After making radius phantom by plaster, we set the screw so that it penetrated 2.4 mm depth of radius groove. Then, we projected the phantom by X-ray in change of the elevation and supination angle of distal radius by 5 degree interval on 0~30 degree. The average value of groove angle in the wrist CT images was 14.4 degree and the radius specimens was 16.3 degree. Screws penetrating radius groove of the phantom have different lengths according to elevation angle and supination angle. Consequently, in order to confirm existence and nonexistence of radius groove penetration of the screw in tangential projection after distal radius fracture operation using the T-type plate, we recommend 5 degree of elevation angle and 20 degree of supination angle.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.13-18
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• 2008

Recently it is urgent issue in every department that problem from environmental disruption such as global warming. As the case of streetscape works essentially at city scenery, it is inevitable that changing from present view, which centers facilities and buildings, to environmental harmonic scenery. This study plans climate adjusting ability and improvement of thermal efficiency by putting ecological elements to buildings on a street which are essential factors of streetscape. Ultimately, this not only makes a pleasant environment but also revives being withered earth. Street-environment on eco-scape will take a part in designing sustainable city. This study acquires the way how buildings on a street get applied ecological elements as following. Roof level part : the greening surface of the rooftop(included plant box type), the greening roof as a type of pergola, the greening surface of the middle floor rooftop(included plant box type). Elevation part : climbing type, downfall type, espalier, flower bed in balcony type, wall-installing type, water wall type, other design types. Ground level part : paving the whole surface with permeability, paving the gap with permeability, plant box type, ground plant type, waterside zone, wetland, fence greening type, terrace greening type, retaining wall greening type.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.360-366
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• 2008

Purpose: Botulinum toxin type A(BoTA) can block the release of vasoconstriction cotransmitters as well as acetylcholine in nerve terminal. The authors observed that BoTA increases flap survival by preventing sympathetic collapse of peripheral vessels. Methods: 10 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control(n=5), and BoTA group(n=5). $3{\times}10cm$ sized random pattern cutaneous flaps were elevated on the dorsal side in both groups. In BoTA group, BoTA was injected into the flap via intradermal to subdermal route, 7 days before the flap elevation. Flap survival rates (survival area/total area) were measured 7 days after the elevation. Cutaneous blood flow was measured in proximal, middle and distal compartments of the flap using laser Doppler flowmetry initially, preoperatively, at immediate postoperation, and 7 days after flap elevation, respectively. Histological examination was performed 7 days after the flap elevation. The number and shape of the vessels were evaluated under microscope. Results: Mean flap survival was $53.18{\pm}6.58%$ in control group and $93.79{\pm}6.06%$ in BoTA group, displaying statistically significant difference(p=0.0008, p<0.05). In the control group, blood flow to the middle and distal compartments of the flap decreased significantly immediately after flap elevation. In the BoTA group, blood flow to the middle compartment did not decrease(p=0.002) and slightly decreased in the distal compartment(p=0.001). Cutaneous blood flow was significantly higher in all compartments of the flap in BoTA group than in control group, 7 days after the flap elevation. In histopathologic examination, greater number of vessels were noted in the BoTA group than in the control group. Conclusion: Botulinum toxin A can increase the survival of the random pattern cutaneous flap in rats by preventing the sympathetic collapse of peripheral vessels.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.39-47
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• 2011

Flow control range of valve, which is installed on pipeline, varies according to valve type, pipe diameter, pipe length, roughness, and elevation difference of both ends of pipeline. A lot of computation efforts and knowledge are needed to estimate flow control range of valve, considering above many parameters. The table of flow control range of each valve type is presented for convenience of pipeline design engineers who must make decision of valve size and type in this study. Also the reason that butterfly valve is recommended for flow control, and gate valve is forbidden is presented via quantification and figures in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2003

For the study of an effect that fin thickness and shape of heat exchanger have on the elevation of heat transfer efficiency, we make models of plate fin type heat exchanger and louvered fin type heat exchanger which was given a transformation of fin thickness in plate f)n type heat exchanger and louvered fin type heat exchanger which are often used now. And the effect of fin thickness on pressure drop and characteristics of heat transfer was experimented and analysed when air velocity and temperature of plate heating was a variable. The results of experiment shows below. Pressure drop shows larger in louvered fin type exchanger than in plate fin type exchanger, size of pressure drop shows like this order that fin thickness is 0.3mm, 0.2mm, 0.1mm. Mean heat transfer coefficient shows higher in louvered fin type exchanger than in plate fin type exchanger, size of mean heat transfer coefficient by fin thickness shows same in both case in louvered fin type heat exchanger and plate fin type exchanger like this order that fin thickness is 0.1mm, 0.2mm, 0.3mm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.5-13
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• 2003

This paper is a series of study for the development of rural elementary school facilities model applying to the regional characteristics. Therefore, main theme of this paper is to pile up and analysis of elementary school facilities data in Po Cheon through a series of actual survey and interview with teachers. The results are summarized as follows ; First of all, in case of Po Cheon, it needs to study for urban model type as well as rural elementary school facilities model type. Second, extension type of buildings has separated as three types-zigzag extension type, vertical & horizontal extension type, separate building type. But another characteristics, such as type of site plan, type of corridor and module of classroom unit, outdoor space and elevation design, are monotonous. Third. the results of this analysis show that it is desirable to locate houses for teachers within boundaries. Finally, the future paper needs to be studying more various module of classroom unit, extension type, space program, type of floor plan and site plan.