• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.1 s.106
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• pp.126-152
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• 2005

In recent years, there are some confusions related to the definition and existence of mountain ranges, which have been described in current geography text books. We contend that these confusions came from the lack of understanding on the geomorphological processes that form the mountain system in Korea. This research attempts to clarify the definition of mountain ranges and offer geological and geomorphological explanations about the formation of them. Based on the analyses of the social and cultural causes underlying the recent debates on the existence of mountain ranges, we tried to identify the relationships among the definition of mountain ranges, geological structure of Korea, and the forming processes of mountain ranges. The current and past mountain range maps were compared with geological structures, geological maps, surface curvature, and hill shade maps. The latter two maps were derived from a Digital Elevation Model of the Korean Peninsular. The results show that we are able to prove the existence of most mountain ranges, which provides a useful framework to understand the geological evolution of Korean peninsular and formation of mountainous landscape of Korea. In terms of their morphological continuity and genesis, however, we identified five different categories of mountain ranges: 1) Uplift mountain ranges(Hamkyeong Sanmaek, Nangrim Sanmaek, Taebaek Sanmaek), which were formed by the uplift processes of the Korean Peninsular during the Tertiary; 2) Falut mountain ranges(Macheonryeong Sanmaek, Sobaek Sanmaek, Buksubaek Sanmaek), whirh were directly related to the uplift processes of the Korean Peninsular during the Tertiary; 3) Trust mountain ranges(Jekyouryeong Sanmaek, Kwangju Sanmaek, Charyeong Sanmaek, Noryeong Sanmaek), which were formed by the intrusion of granite and consequent orogenic processes during the Mesozoic era; 4) Drainage divide type mountain ranges, which were formed by the erosion processes after the uplift of Korean Peninsular; 5) Cross-drainage basin type mountain ranges (Kangnam Sanmaek, Eunjin Sanmaek, Myelak sanmaek), which were also formed by the erosion processes, but the mountain ranges cross several drainage basins as connecting mountains laterally We believe that the current social confusions related to the existence of mountain ranges has partly been caused by the vague definition of mountain ranges and the diversity of the forming processes. In order to overcome theses confusions, it is necessary to characterize the types of them according the genesis, the purpose of usages and also the scale of maps which will explains the mountain systems. It is also necessary to provide appropriate educational materials to increase the general public's awareness and understanding of geomorphological processes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 2009

This study was undertaken to investigate the quality properties of yakchobugak as affected by lactic acid bacteria and waxy rice paste for improving palatability of yakchobugak of Agastache rugosa. Total sugar contents of lactic acid bacteria-fermenting waxy rice paste gelatinized at $90^{\circ}C$ were higher than that of $70^{\circ}C$. Reducing sugar contents were $2{\sim}5$ times higher in $70^{\circ}C$ waxy rice paste than in $90^{\circ}C$ waxy rice paste and increased as the fermentation progressed. Total acidity of waxy rice pastes gelatinized at $70^{\circ}C$ and fermented for 15 hours were $2.7{\sim}1.3$ times higher than at $90^{\circ}C$, and then Lactococcus lactis had the lowest total acidity during fermentation. Viscosity of fermented paste (VFP) were lower than those of raw paste. VFPs gelatinized at $90^{\circ}C$ were markedly higher than those at $70^{\circ}C$ over 28% concentration. In L. lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum, VFPs fermented for 15 hours were over $2{\sim}3$ times lower than those fermented for 40 hours. Hunter's color lightness (L) and yellowness (b) were decreased according to the elevation of gelatinization temperature and fermentation time. L. lactis and L. plantarum-producing waxy rice pastes were the uniform micell type with a large air-pore size and amorphous micell type with a small air-pore size, respectively. Based on these results, L. lactis was a lower lactic acid-producing bacteria as well as uniform air-pore distribution on waxy rice paste. It was found to be a good sourpaste-fermenting strain for enhancement of quality properties of yakchobugak, as revealed through viscosity, total acidity, Hunter's color b value and scanning electron micrographs.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.329-343
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• 2001

The deep environment and geochemical evolution of the Bugok geothennal waters, located in the Kyeongnam Province, was re-interpreted based on the hydrochemical and isotopic data published by Yun et al. (1998). The geothermal waters of the Bugok area is geochemically divided into three groups; Geothennal water I, II and III groups. Groups I and II are geochemically similar; high temperature (55.2-77.2$^{\circ}$C) and chemically belonging to Na-S04 types. However, pH and Eh values are a little different each other and Group II water is highly enriched in S04 compared to Group I water. Group III water, occurring from peripheral sites of the central part of the geothennal waters, shows temperature range of 29.3 to 47.0$^{\circ}$C and belongs to $Na-HCO_3-S0_4$ types. The deep environment and geochemical evolution of the Bugok geothennal waters, showing the diversity of geochemistry, can be interpreted as follows; I) Descending to great depth of meteoric waters that originated at high elevation and reacting with sediments and/or granites in depth. The $S0_4$ concentration of the waters has been increased by the dissolution of sulfate minerals in sediments. 2) During the continuous descending, the waters has met with the reduction environment, producing the $H_2S$ gas due to sulfate reduction. The waters has been heated up to 130$^{\circ}$C and the extent of water-rock reaction was increased. At this point, pH of waters are increased, S04 concentration decreased and calcite precipitated, therefore, the waters show the $Na-S0_4$ type. 3) Ascending of the geothennal waters along the flow path of fluids and mixing with less-deeply circulated waters. The $S0_4$ concentration is re-increased due to the oxidation of $H_2S$ gas and/or sulfide minerals in sediments. During continuous ascending, these geothennal waters are mixed with shallow groundwater.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2007

A submerged biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBSBR) process, which liquor was internally circulated through sandfilter, was designed, and performances in swine wastewater treatment was evaluated under a condition of no external carbon source addition. Denitrification of NOx-N with loading rate in vertical and slope type of sandfilter was 19% and 3.8%, respectively, showing approximately 5 times difference, and so vertical type sandfilter was chosen for the combination with SBSBR. When the process was operated under 15 days HRT, 105L/hr.m3 of internal circulation rate and 54g/m3.d of NH4-N loading rate, treatment efficiencies of STOC, NH4-N and TN (as NH4-N plus NOx-N) was 75%, 97% and 85%, respectively. By conducting internal circulation through sandfilter, removal performances of TN were enhanced by 14%, and the elevation of nitrogen removal was mainly attributed to occurrence of denitrification in sandfilter. Also, approximately 57% of phosphorus was removed with the conduction of internal circulation through sandfilter, meanwhile phosphorus concentration in final effluent rather increased when the internal circulation was not performed. Therefore, It was quite sure that the continuous internal circulation of liquor through sandfilter could contribute to enhancement of biological nutrient removal. Under 60g/m3.d of NH4-N loading rate, the NH4-N level in final effluent was relatively low and constant(below 20mg/L) and over 80% of nitrogen removal was maintained in spite of loading rate increase up to 100g/m3.d. However, the treatment efficiency of nitrogen was deteriorated with further increase of loading rate. Based on this result, an optimum loading rate of nitrogen for the process would be 100g/m3.d.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.258-264
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• 1994

The weed survey in lowland rice field in 1992 was conducted to identify weed population change as affected by different elevation, soil type and cultivation pattern at Gangweon province. There were more perennial weeds in plain and east coastal area while more annual weeds in mid alpine and alpine area. Meanwhile, perennial weed species was more dominant at ordinary and sandy soil but annual weed species was more dominant at poorly drained soil. In general, hand and machine(30 day old seedling) transplanting would result in higher dominant weed species of perennial while there was more annual weed species in machine (10 day old seedling) transplanting and dry seeding, respectively. Also, annual weed species was more predominant at spring plowing time compared to autumn plowing time. Particularly, there was change in dominant weed species with time. In 1971 annual weed species was more predominant but perennial weed species was highly dominant in 1981 and 1992.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.363-368
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• 2003

We have successfully developed a more effective algorithm to extract the lineament in the area covered by wide alluvial deposits characterized by a relatively narrow range of brightness in the Landsat TM image, while the currently used algorithm is limited to the mountainous areas. In the new algorithm, flat areas mainly consisting of alluvial deposits were selected using the Local Enhancement from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The aspect values were obtained by 3${\times}$3 moving windowing of Zevenbergen & Thorno's Method, and then the slopes of the study area were determined using the aspect values. After the lineament factors in the alluvial deposits were revealed by comparing the threshold values, the first rank lineament under the alluvial deposits were extracted using the Hough transform In order to extract the final lineament, the lowest points under the alluvial deposits in a given topographic section perpendicular to the first rank lineament were determined through the spline interpolation, and then the final lineament were chosen through Hough transform using the lowest points. The algorithm developed in this study enables us to observe a clearer lineament in the areas covered by much larger alluvial deposits compared with the results extracted using the conventional existing algorithm. There exists, however, some differences between the first rank lineament, obtained using the aspect and the slope, and the final lineament. This study shows that the new algorithm more effectively extracts the lineament in the area covered with wide alluvlal deposits than in the areas of converging slope, areas with narrow alluvial deposits or valleys.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2015

In order to get as ecological basic data for river restoration, vegetation investigation was conducted in natural river and analysed it synecological methods, such as ordination cluster. 29 plant communities units were identified and the major dominant plant communites were Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Populus davidiana community, Q. variabilis community and Prunus sargentii community. River vegetations were classified into ravine and gorge forest type and riverine softwood forest type. Ravine and gorge forest was dominanted by hardwood which located in steep slope and in high elevation, and riverine softwood forest by softwood, salix spp. Naturality was an important criterion for the selection of rivers, so many of the selected rivers are located in the upper stream and mid stream rather than the lower stream, where more human intervention is involved. Plant communities were consisted of hardwood forest(44 plots, 92%) and softwood forest(4 plot, 8%), respectively. PCA with total layer data showed 5 groups of communities: Q. mongolica community group, Prunus sargentii community group, Pinus densiflora community group, Prunus sargentii community - Pinus densiflora community group and the rest communities group. PCA with tree layer showed 3 groups: Q. mongolica community group, Prunus sargentii community group, and the rest community group. Cluster analysis also a showed a similar communities group to PCA ordination, but Magnolia sieboldii community and Prunus sargentii community were distinguished from the PCA result. From the result, it can be concluded that the plant communities of riparian be divided into hardwood and softwood forest by statistical techniques. It was appropriate to plant species such as Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Populus davidiana, Quercus variabilis and Prunus sargentii, at levee zone and high water level. And Sliax spp. were appropriate for planted plants at waterfront and low water level. The herb species to be planted on the floodplain were recommanded in the species composition co-occurred with the woody species.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2023

In stream ecosystem assessment, RIVPACS, which makes a simple but clear evaluation based on macroinvertebrate community, is widely used. In this study, a preliminary study was conducted to develop a RIVPACS-type model suitable for Korean streams nationwide. Reference streams were classified into two types(upstream and downstream), and a prediction model for macroinvertebrates was developed based on each family. A model for upstream was divided into 7 (train): 3 (test), and that for downstream was made using a leave-one-out method. Variables for the models were selected by non-metric multidimensional scaling, and seven variables were chosen, including elevation, slope, annual average temperature, stream width, forest ratio in land use, riffle ratio in hydrological characteristics, and boulder ratio in substrate composition. Stream order classified 3,224 sites as upstream and downstream, and community compositions of sites were predicted. The prediction was conducted for 30 macroinvertebrate families. Expected (E) and observed fauna (O) were compared using an ASPT biotic index, which is computed by dividing the BMWPK score into the number of families in a community. EQR values (i.e. O/E) for ASPT were used to assess stream condition. Lastly, we compared EQR to BMI, an index that is commonly used in the assessment. In the results, the average observed ASPT was 4.82 (±2.04 SD) and the expected one was 6.30 (±0.79 SD), and the expected ASPT was higher than the observed one. In the comparison between EQR and BMI index, EQR generally showed a higher value than the BMI index.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.770-783
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• 2009

The school foodservice was quantitatively extended by policy of government all the while. There was carried out the survey of customer satisfaction about school foodservice by the ministry of education, science, and technology since 2006 years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to grasp an improvement of the scores of school foodservice' quality attributes and satisfaction as compared with the preceding year by respondents and school type (elementary school, middle school, and high school). An annual survey was practiced to respondents (students, parents, and faculty) on september 2007 years and 2008 years in 16 cities and provinces. The statistics was analyzed to descriptive analysis and t-test for SPSS 12.0. The scores of school foodservice' quality attributes and overall customer satisfaction were almost increased to students, parents, and faculty and especially, big elevation in middle school. There was big increased the quality attributes such as 'providing information on foodservice', 'pleasant foodservice environment', 'kindness offered by employee' in elementary school, middle school, and high school to total respondents. An overall satisfaction in school foodservice was improved from 69.2 score to 71.9 score. On students, scores of overall satisfaction was increased from 72.9 to 74.0 as students of elementary school and from 61.5 to 65.8 as students of middle school (p < .001). Therefore, for improvement and development of school foodservice, there should be a necessary for an operator of school foodservice and an office of education to make an effort.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1019-1029
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• 1997

Background : Elevation of resting energy expenditure(REE) in patients with lung cancer has been described in earlier studies and may contribute to cancer cachexia, but limited information is available regarding the prevalence and determinants of the increased REE. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and contributing factors of a hypermetabolic state in newly detected patients with lung cancer and to assess the energy balance in order to improve our knowledge about weight loss in patients with lung cancer. Method : Thirty one consecutive, newly detected patients with lung cancer and 20 control patients with benign lung diseases were included in this study. Resting energy expenditure(REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry using ventilated hood system and predicted REE was calculated by the Harris-Benedict formular. Results : The energy balance in newly detected lung cancer patients was disturbed in a high proportion of patients, and hypermetabolic state occurred in 61% of the patients. Tumor volume, cancer type, location, stage, the presence of atelectasis or infiltration, pulmonary function, or smoking behavior were not associated with increase in REE. But patients with distant metastasis had significantly higher REE comparing with patients without metastasis. Thirty nine percents of the patients with lung cancer had substantial loss of more than 10% of their pre-illness weight. Weight losing patients with lung cancer were not accompanied by an increase in REE. Conclusion : We concluded that the REE was elevated in a higher proportion of patients with lung cancer and distant metastasis was found to be contributing factor to the elevated REE.