• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.747-752
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• 2011

HMMs (Hidden Markov Models) are widely used for biological signal, such as EEG (electroencephalogram) sequence, analysis because of their ability to incorporate sequential information in their structure. A recent trends of research are going after the biological interpretable HMMs, and we need to control the complexity of the HMM so that it has good generalization performance. So, an automatic means of optimizing the structure of HMMs would be highly desirable. In this paper, we described a procedure of classification of motor imagery EEG signals using HMM. The motor imagery related EEG signals recorded from subjects performing left, right hand and foots motor imagery. And the proposed a method that was focus on the validation of the HSA (Harmony Search Algorithm) based optimization for HMM. Harmony search algorithm is sufficiently adaptable to allow incorporation of other techniques. A HMM training strategy using HSA is proposed, and it is tested on finding optimized structure for the pattern recognition of EEG sequence. The proposed HSA-HMM can performs global searching without initial parameter setting, local optima, and solution divergence.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제29권9_10호
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• pp.1230-1240
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to apply a scientific and systematic method for assessing fashion goods' TV ads effects by EEG and questionnaires as determined by the type of ads appeal. Ads stimulants used in the survey were limited to underwear and sportswear that were advertised during $2000{\sim}2002$ on TV: 4 information-transferring and 4 emotion-evoking ads were used. Subjects were thirty healthy male and female college students. EEG was extracted from six lobes and the recorded EEG was analyzed by the range of frequency of ${\theta},\;{\alpha}\;and\;{\beta}$ waves. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.0 with reliability test, $x^2$-analysis, t-test and frequency analysis. The emotion-evoking ads showed higher scores in memory, recall and attitude towards the ads. The responses of ${\theta}\;and\;{\alpha}$ wave were active throughout the ads but the response of ${\beta}$ wave was not. The results by the survey and the EEG test showed high similarities, indicating the EEG tests could be used as the supplementary tool for measuring ads effects.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 1999

The objective of the study is to discriminate EEG(electroencephalogram) due to emotional changes. Emotion was evoked by the series of auditory stimuli which were selected from the natural sounds in the sound effect collection of compact disc. Seventeen university students participated and experienced positive or negative emotions by six auditory stimuli with intermission between stimuli. Temporal EEG ($T_3$, $T_4$, $T_5$, and $T_6$) was recorded at the same time and a subjective test was performed on the eleven point scales after the experiment. The maximum and minimum scores of the EEG among six stimuli EEG were analyzed for discrimination of emotion. The EEG signals were transformed into feature objects based on scalar intervention model coefficients. Auditory stimulus was considered as intervention variable. They were classified by Discriminant Analysis for each channel. The features showed results with the best classification accuracy of 91.2 % in $T_4$ for auditory stimuli. This study could be extended to establish an algorithm which quantifies and classifies emotions evoked by auditory stimulus using time-series models.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.193-216
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at the PC8 on normal human beings by using power spectral analysis. Methods : EEG (Electroencephalogram) power spectrum exhibits site-specific and state-related differences in specific frequency bands. In this study, power spectrum was used as a measure of complexity. 32 channels EEG study was carried out in 20 subjects (20 males; age=26.8 years old). Results : In ${\alpha}(alpha)$ band, the power values at F7, F8, P3 channels(p<0.05) during the $PC_8-acupoint$ treatment significantly decreased. In ${\beta}(beta)$ band, the power values at F4, F8, P3 channels(P<0.05) during the PC8-acupoint treatment significantly decreased. In ${\delta}(delta)$ band, the power values at F7, F8, P3 Po2 channels(p<0.05) during the $PC_8-acupoint$ treatment significantly decreased. In ${\theta}(theta)$ band, the power values at F7, Fz, F4 F8, FTC1, FTC2, CP2, TT2, P3, Pz, Po2 channels(p<0.05) during the PC8-acupoint treatment significantly decreased. Conclusions : This results suggest that Electroacupuncture at the PC8 mostly affect the change on theta(11 channels) bands.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2009

Longanae Arillus (the rind of fruits of Dimocarpus longan) has been consumed for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety in Asia. To provide further scientific basis to traditional uses of this fruit on insomnia, we evaluated the effects of methanol extract of Longanae Arillus (MELA) on the alteration of sleep architecture and electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra in acutely and chronically restraint-stressed rats. Following postsurgical recovery, Polygraphic signs of sleep-wake activities were recorded for 24 h after MELA administration in rats. Rats in the acute stress and chronic stress were administered with MELA for 10 days. On the $8^{th},\;9^{th}\;and\;10^{th}$ day of MELA administration, the rats were stressed for 3 h once per day. On the $10^{th}$ day and 1 h after MELA administration, the rats were stressed once for 22 h in the chronic stress group. Acute and chronic stress induced alternations in cortex EEG recordings during non-rapid eye movement (NREM), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness. MELA shortened the total and REM sleep and increased the wakefulness in night time recording without changing daytime recordings. Chronic stress increased wakefulness and REM sleep, decreased total and NREM sleep in the daytime recording, and increased REM and decreased NREM sleep without changing total sleep and wakefulness in night time recording. These findings suggest that MELA ameliorated the alterations in REM and NREM sleep of acutely and chronically stressed rats via modulation of cortical ${\alpha}-$, ${\theta}-$ and ${\delta}-$ wave activity.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.364-372
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 16명의 건강한 성인을 대상으로 뇌파를 이용하여 휴식모드인 대조군과 체어형 전동 안마기에서 수행된 2가지 모드(약, 강)에 따라 뇌파의 변화를 관찰하고 이를 통해 안마기가 스트레스 완화에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 모든 피검자에서 스트레스 정도를 설문으로 평가하는 시각적 상사척도(VAS: Visual Analog Scale)에서는 세 가지 모드에서 모두 유의한 차이를 보이며 감소하였으며 이중 안마모드 강에서 가장 큰 감소를 보였다. 뇌파 변화에서는 세 가지 모드에서 모두 서파인 delta파, theta파가 증가하였으며 이 중 안마모드 강에서 유의한 증가를 보여주었다. 반면 세 가지 모드에서 모두 alpha파는 감소하고 안마모드 약과 안마모드 강에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. beta파의 경우 대조군을 제외한 안마모드 약과 안마모드 강에서 감소하였고 이중 안마모드 강에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보여주었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.30-40
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• 2010

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the regulation of sleep architecture by the red ginseng water extract (RGE) in acutely and chronically restraint stressed rats. Adult rats were fitted with sleep.wake recording electrodes. Following post-surgical recovery, rats were extensively habituated for freely moving polygraphic recording conditions. Polygraphic signs of sleep-wake activities were recorded for 24 h after RGE administration and induction of stress and were analyzed to understand the regulation of sleep architecture. Acute stress decreased wakefulness and increased total sleep, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in both the daytime and nighttime recording. RGE shortened the daytime NREM and REM sleep, without changing the wakefulness and total sleep. RGE increased nighttime wakefulness, and decreased total, NREM and REM sleep. Chronic stress increased wakefulness and decreased total sleep in the daytime recording, and increased REM and decreased NREM sleep in both the day and night time recording. RGE ameliorated chronic stress and induced alterations of REM and NREM sleep in the day and night time sleep architecture. Acute and chronic stress could also induce alternations in cortex electroencephalogram (EEG) recording during NREM, REM sleep and wakefulness. These findings suggest that RGE may modulate the sleep behavior in acutely and chronically stressed rats and the ameliorating effect of RGE on the sleep architecture may involve in modulation of $\alpha$-, $\theta$- and $\delta$- wave activities of the cortical EEG.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.717-724
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• 2020

감성 컴퓨팅은 인간의 상호 작용에서 중요한 역할을 하기 때문에 인간을 인식하는 인공 지능을 통해 감정을 이해하고 식별한다. 우울증, 자폐증, 주의력 결핍 과잉 행동 장애 및 게임 중독과 같은 정신 질환을 잘 이해함으로써 감정과 관련된 문제들을 잘 관리할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 문제들을 해결하기 위해 감정 인식을 위한 다양한 연구가 수행되었는데 기계학습을 적용하는데 있어서는 알고리즘의 복잡성을 줄이고 정확도를 향상시키기 위한 노력이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 노력중의 하나로 Stack AutoEncoder (SAE)를 이용하여 차원을 감소하는 방법과 Long-Short-Term-Memory/Recurrent Neural Networks (LSTM / RNN) 분류를 이용한 감성 분류에 대해 연구한 결과를 제시한다. 제안된 방법은 모델의 복잡성을 줄이고 분류기의 성능을 크게 향상시킨 결과를 가져왔다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.323-336
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• 2023

In the 21st century, fashion films are frequently used throughout the fashion industry. In particular, as videos have become an essential element and a communication tool of social media, they are becoming even more important in the world of fashion. In this study, different types of short-length fashion films (< 0:60) in current use were derived, and the effects of on the cognitive and emotional responses of users were analyzed using electroencephalogram(EEG) findings. EEG measurements were performed using Epoc+ on 31 healthy women aged 20-29 years after viewing six types of fashion films[fiction/well-made, fiction/user generated content(UGC), documentary/well-made, documentary/UGC, art/well-made, and art/UGC] in random order. The results demonstrate differences among four types of films. Specifically, alpha waves in the frontal lobe decreased more while watching documentary/UGC films than while watching art/well-made films. Gamma waves in the temporal lobe decreased more while watching fiction/well-made films than while watching documentary/UGC films. Furthermore, theta waves in the occipital lobe increased more while watching fiction/well-made films than while watching art/UGC films. These findings suggest that different types of fashion films can stimulate different parts of the brain that process thinking, cognition, emotion, and visual and auditory information and consequently evoke emotional responses.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.36-51
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback training for emotion regulation and brain homeostasis on anxiety about COVID-19 infection, impulsivity, anger rumination, meta-mood, and self-regulation ability of late adolescents in the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic situation. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The participants included 55 late adolescents in the experimental and control groups. The variables were evaluated using quantitative EEG at pre-post time points in the experimental group. The experimental groups received 10 sessions using the three-band protocol for five weeks. The collected data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, t-test and paired t-test using the SAS 9.3 program. The collected EEG data used a frequency series power spectrum analysis method through fast Fourier transform. Results: Significant differences in emotion regulation between the two groups were observed in the anxiety about COVID-19 infection (W = 585.50, p = .002), mood repair of meta-mood (W = 889.50, p = .024), self-regulation ability (t = - 5.02, p < .001), self-regulation mode (t = - 4.74, p < .001), and volitional inhibition mode (t = - 2.61, p = .012). Neurofeedback training for brain homeostasis was effected on enhanced sensory-motor rhythm (S = 177.00, p < .001) and inhibited theta (S = - 166.00, p < .001). Conclusion: The results demonstrate the potential of EEG biofeedback training as an independent nursing intervention that can markedly improve anxiety, mood-repair, and self-regulation ability for emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.