• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.355-360
• /
• 2002

This study was to analyze the right of wrong of gray-water treatment by applying BPBE electrode cell to the effluence water in the terminal disposal plant of sewage. The results were as follows : The best result was obtained with applied voltage 40V and detention time 6 minutes for the BPBE electrode cell which has the graphite-plate in main electro-de, packing coconut activated carbon. The elimination rate of COD of Al-plate was higher than that of graphite-plate in main electrode. The result of electrolysis for 3 hour in parallel circuit showed the using possibility of gray-water according to each elimination rate : COD 59%, T-N 69 %, T-P 69%. The BPBE electrode cell with the Al-plate in main electrode made the best effect for the elimination of algae in lake water and algae were not occurred in electrolytic water.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2017

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode has an extremely wide potential window in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, very low and stable background current and high resistance to surface fouling due to weak adsorption. These features endow the BDD electrode with potentially wide electrochemical applications, in such areas as wastewater treatment, electrosynthesis and electrochemical sensors. In this study, the characteristics of the BDD electrode were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and evaluated by accelerated life test. The effects of manufacturing conditions on the BDD electrode were determined and remedies for negative effects were noted in order to improve the electrode lifetime in wastewater treatment. The lifetime of the BDD electrode was influenced by manufacturing conditions, such as surface roughness, seeding method and rate of introduction of gases into the reaction chamber. The results of this study showed that BDD electrodes manufactured using sanding media of different sizes resulted in the most effective electrode lifetime when the particle size of alumina used was from $75{\sim}106{\mu}m$ (#150). Ultrasonic treatment was found to be more effective than polishing treatment in the test of seeding processes. In addition to this, BDD electrodes manufactured by introducing gases at different rates resulted in the most effective electrode lifetime when the introduced gas had a composition of hydrogen gas 94.5 vol.% carbon source gas 1.6 vol.% and boron source gas 3.9 vol.%.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.133-144
• /
• 2003

본 연구는 불용성 산화물계 촉매전극을 제조하고 이를 이용하여 난분해성 유기물질을 포함하고 있는 염색폐수를 대상으로 전해처리 실험을 수행하였으며, 이때 전해시스템에 사용된 가용성 전극(Fe, Al)과 불용성 전극 [SUS, R.C.E(Replaced Catalyst Electrode);금속산화물 전극]에 대한 환경오염물질의 처리 효율성과 각 전극에 대한 유용성 여부를 비교 고찰하였고, 또한 전해 처리 효율성을 극대화하기 위한 전해처리 조건들에 관해 조사하였다. 이 결과 오 폐수 처리를 위한 전기분해 공정의 실용화에 있어서 가장 큰 문제점 중의 하나인 전극 안정성은 불용성 산화물계 촉매전극을 제조 사용함으로써 해결될 수 있었으며 이에 따른 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 불용성 전극인 R.C.E 제조시 $RuO_2-SnO_2-IrO_2-TiO_2$의 4성분계 혼합물의 몰 비가 70/20/5/5이 될 때 내구성이 가장 양호함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 2. 불용성 전극인 R.C.E를 이용한 염색폐수 처리 시 전극간 거리 5mm, 전해시간 60분, 인가전압 10 V, 처리 용량 $0.5{\ell}$의 실험 조건에서 90% 이상의 양호한 CODMn 처리효율을 얻을 수 있었으며 또한 T-N 제거에도 양호한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 2002

This study was intended to observe the relationship of pain alleviation between the group with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied on bach of head, lung, nasalis internae, shen-men, pharynx & larynx, and internal secretion which are the pants to regulate smoking and that, with no treatment of the kind among smokers and con-smokers with chronic low back pain. It also aimed to conduct a research of applying different treatment methods according to smoking, thus ultimately providing basic data needed by clinic therapists and to help achieve appropriate treatment effects considering the characteristics of each patient. The subject criteria were men who were in their 40's or 50's, smoking or non-smoking and came to the physical therapy of the hospital to cure the chronic low back pain which had lasted more than three months. The total 24 subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to smoking; the group of smokers with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied, that of smokers with no application of such treatment, that of non-smokers with the action of such treatment, and that of non-smokers with no application of such treatment Each group was measured in terms of four pain assessment methods of visual analogue scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS), McGil pain questionnaire(MPQ), endorphin. And the results were as follows: 1. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and endorphin 1 between before and after the treatment. 2. In terms of the pain effects had by the smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy was applied, there was a statistical significance in VRS and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 3. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the non-smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. In terms of the pain effects had by the non-smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular was applied, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 5. The smokers with low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy to see how it affected their pain. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. 6. The subject suffering from low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation to see how it affected their pain according to smoking. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that smokers with low back pain received the more effects of pain alleviation from the application of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy compared to the rest of the groups who suffered from low back pain.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.44-49
• /
• 2007

Dimensionally stable anodes have been widely used to cathodically protect the metallic materials in corrosive environments including concrete structure as the insoluble anode. Lifespan of the anode for concrete construction can be determined by NACE TM0294-94 method. Lifespan of conductive oxide electrode would be affected by thermal treatment condition in the process of sol-gel coatings. This work aims to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment temperature on the lifespan of the $RuO_{2}$ electrode. $450^{\circ}C$ treated conductive oxide electrode showed the excellent properties and its lifespan was evaluated to be over 88 years in 3% NaCl, 4% NaOH, and simulated pore water. This behavior was related to the formation of $RuO_{2}$.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.275-278
• /
• 2002

In this study, to increase removal efficiency of traditional electrokinetic treatment and to reduce contaminant load of wastewater that discharged through cathode compartment, enhanced electrode compartments were investigated. Hydroxide precipitation near the cathode electrode that encounter during traditional electrokinetic treatment were prevented by enhanced electrokinetic remediation test with newly invented electrode compartment. And heavy metal concentration in wastewater showed 0 ppm thus, additive post-treatment cost were not needed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.85-93
• /
• 1994

The purposes of this study were 1) to examine the effects of microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation 2) to compare surface electrode with needle electrode at somatic acupuncture points on experimental pain threshold measured at the distal end of the radius 3) to determine the changes in effect over time. A total of sixty healthy adult male and female subjects were assigned randomly to one of two experimental group or to a control group. Group 1(n=20) received MENS(Microcurrent Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation) with surface electrode. Group 2(n=20) received HENS with needle electrode. Group 3(n=20) received no MENS. It measured experimental pain threshold at the wrist on pretreatment, 0 min after treatment. 15 min after treatment, 30 min after treatment in two experimental group. The results were as follows: 1. Experimental pain thresholds were higher in males than females(P<0.01). 2. Only the experimental group exhibited a significant increased in pain threshold after MENS treatment(P<0.05). 3. Surface electrode group increased significant pain threshold 0 min, 15 min after treatment, but greatly decrease 30 min after treatment. 4. Needle electrode group increased significant pain threshold 0 min, 15 min after treatment, but decrease 30 min after treatment. The results suggest that MENS applied to appropriate somatic acupuncture point can increase pain threshold. Further research is needed to assess the effects of greatly variety intensity of MENS of pain sufferes.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.521-528
• /
• 2019

Electrochemical method was used for the fracturing flow-back fluid treatment in Guangyuan oilfield. After performing electrolysis, we found that the amount of $H_2$ gas produced by electrode was closely related to the combination mode of electrodes and electrode materials. Using an aluminium electrode resulted in a large $H_2$ production of each electrode combination, whereas inert anode and cathode materials resulted in low $H_2$ production. Then, the relationship between the gas production of $H_2$ and the treatment efficiency of fracturing flow-back fluid in Guangyuan oilfield was studied. Results showed that the turbidity removal and decolourisation rates of fracturing flow-back fluid were high when $H_2$ production was high. If the $H_2$ production of inert electrode was large, the energy consumption of this inert electrode was also high. However, energy consumption when an aluminium anode material was used was lower than that when the inert electrode was used, whereas the corresponding electrode combination production of $H_2$ was larger than that of the inert electrode combination. When the inert electrode was used as anode, the gas production type was mainly $O_2$, and $Cl_2$ was also produced and dissolved in water to form $ClO^-$. $H_2$ production at the cathode was reduced because $ClO^-$ obtained electrons.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1997

Varing the flow velocity of solution and particle diameter, the mass transfer coefficient of the local electrode on current feeder has been measured in an empty flow reactor, an inert fluidized bed electrode reactor, and an active fluidized bed electrode reactor. It had its maximium value when the bed porosity was 0.6 to 0.65 and decreased with in- creasing the height of local electrode. The mass transfer coefficient was found to be high especially when higher particle was fluidized. Electrochemical deposition of copper dissolved in the synthesized wastewater has been performed in the active fluidized bed electrode reactor. The deduction rate was higher than 90% and the residual concentration of copper decreased to less than 5ppm.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 2023

실버 페이스트는 상대적으로 낮은 열처리로 공정이 가능하기 때문에 전자 소자 응용분야에서 유용한 전극 재료이다. 본 연구에서는 은 페이스트 전극에 대기압 플라즈마 제트를 이용하여 전극 표면을 처리 했다. 이 플라즈마 제트는 11.5 kHz 작동 주파수에서 5.5 ~ 6.5 kV의 고전압을 사용하여 아르곤 분위기에서 생성되었다. 플라즈마 제트는 대기압에서 수행함으로써 인쇄 공정에 더 유용할 수 있다. 플라즈마 처리시간, 인가된 전압, 가스유량에 따라 전극의 표면은 빠르게 친수성화 되었으며 접촉각의 변화가 관찰되었다. 또한, 대면적 샘플에서 플라즈마 처리 후 접촉각의 편차가 없었는데, 이는 기판의 크기에 관계없이 균일한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구의 결과는 대면적 전자소자의 제조 및 향후 응용 분야에서 적층 구조를 형성하는데 매우 유용할 것으로 기대된다.