• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of both neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES) and isometrical exercise(IE) to strengthen the quadriceps femoris muscle. The relationships between the strength changes and the relative force and duration of training contractions were also studied. Methods : The subjects were divided into three group. The control group(n=6) received no exercise and/or stimulation. The isometric exercise (IE) group(n=6) performed maximum isometric contractions, and the neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)(n=6) engaged electrically stimulated isometric contractions, three days a week for four weeks. Results : Results showed that both IE group and NMES group were found to have an increase in strength significantly greater(p<0.05) than the control group at 4 week. But between IE group and NMES group were not found to have an difference in strength significantly. Conclusion : The relative increase in isometric strength, using IE and NMES, may be determined by the ability of the subjects to tolerate longer and more forceful contractions. Suggestions for further research and implications for the clinical of IE and NMES for strength-training are discussed.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2005

By measuring changes in blood lactate and plasma enzyme (CPK, GOT, GPT) with electrical stimulation applied at two duty cycles, this study is intended to look into which type of duty cycle may have more effects on blood lactate and plasma enzyme constituents through animal experiment so as to determine any duty cycle appropriate for electrical treatment. In this study, electrical stimulation was applied to total 20 Korean house rabbits (weight: 3~3.5 kg) by means of an electrical therapeutic apparatus called TS6000 (made in Netherlands) at duty cycle of 50% and 20% respectively for 30 minutes. Here, 5 cc of blood was collected from their carotid artery before stimulation and in 30 minutes after stimulation respectively to carry out biochemical experiment and analysis. As determined through the above experiment, blood lactate rate was increased to 333.07% at 50% duty cycle after experiment and 185.71% at 20% duty cycle after experiment respectively. In both cases, blood lactate rate was significantly increased to higher level after electrical stimulation than before. Moreover, the rate of change in the average of blood lactate rate at both duty cycles also showed significant differences. CPK rate was boosted to 301.82% at 50% duty cycle after experiment and 321.35% at 20% duty cycle after experiment respectively. In both cases, CPK rate was remarkably boosted to higher level after stimulation than before (p<.05). However, there was not any significant difference in the rate of change in average CPK at both duty cycles (p<.05). GOT rate was significantly boosted up to 38.97% at 50% duty cycle after experiment (p<.05), while it was slightly increased to 1.68% at 20% duty cycle after experiment without any significant difference. Rather, GPT rate dropped slightly at both duty cycles after experiment, but there was not any significant difference. Although blood lactate and GOT were relatively less generated at 20% duty cycle after electrical stimulation than at 50% duty cycle, the change of duty cycle didn't have any significant influence on CPK rate. In this regard, this study failed to come any consistent conclusion about the association between change of duty cycle and muscle fatigue. Therefore, it is advisable that follow-up studies seek various ways to a little more effectively apply electrical stimulation to laboratory animals by avoiding their muscle fatigue. GOT rate was significantly boosted up to 38.97% at 50% duty cycle after experiment (p<.05), while it was slightly increased to 1.68% at 20% duty cycle after experiment without any significant difference. Rather, GPT rate dropped slightly at both duty cycles after experiment, but there was not any significant difference. Although blood lactate and GOT were relatively less generated at 20% duty cycle after electrical stimulation than at 50% duty cycle, the change of duty cycle didn't have any significant influence on CPK rate. In this regard, this study failed to come any consistent conclusion about the association between change of duty cycle and muscle fatigue. Therefore, it is advisable that follow-up studies seek various ways to a little more effectively apply electrical stimulation to laboratory animals by avoiding their muscle fatigue.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.76-87
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• 2000

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common problem that can interfere with rehabilitation as well as activities of daily living. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of both transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) on DOMS, Twenty-seven untrained and male volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1) a group that received TENS (7 Hz), 2) MENS (60 ${\mu}A$, .3 pps) or 3) a control group that received no treatment. Subjects performed repeated eccentric exercise of the non-dominant forearm flexor muscle with submaximal intensity by the simply designed eccentric exercise devices. Treatments were applied after 24 hours and 48 hours. Subjects attended on two consecutive days for treatment and measurement of elbow flexion, extension, resting angle (universal goniometer), and pain (visual analogue scale: VAS) on a daily basis. Measurements were taken after treatment. Analysis of results were as follows; 1) There were no significant differences between TENS and MENS by one-way repeated ANOVA, 2) The t-test for pain, resting, flexion and extension angle revealed significant differences within TENS group, 3) The t-test for resting angle revealed significant differences within MENS group.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.47-63
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• 2004

In most tissues, apoptosis plays a pivotal role in normal development and in regulation of cell number. Therefore inappropriate apoptosis is revealed in a variety of diseases. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of acupuncture and needle electrode electrical stimulation on the change of caspase-3, 9 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactive cells in the sprague dawley rats (SD rat). In immobilized SD rats (n=5), enhanced caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression were detected in the reticular part of substantia nigra, and enhanced nNOS was detected in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (DL-PAG) of midbrain and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus using immunohistochemistry. Following the immobilization, acupuncture (n=5) and needle electrode electrical stimulation (n=5, 2 Hz) was applied at H$\acute{e}$g$\breve{u}$ (LI4) acupoint of SD rats, respectively. The stress-induced enhancement in the expression of caspase-3, 9 and nNOS were The present results demonstrate that and needle electrode electrical stimulation are effective in the modulation of expression of caspase-3, 9 and nNOS induced by immobilization.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1031-1036
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• 2016

c-Fos is known to related to synaptic plasticity and apoptosis in damage from ischemia or external injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether needle electrode electrical stimulation(NEES) is effective in increasing the number of c-Fos response cells and c-Fos expression in striatum after global ischemia in rats. There were no treatment and occlusion in the control group, global ischemia(GI) group were no treatment after carotid artery occlusion, and needle electrode electrical stimulation(NEES) group were treated with NEES after GI induced. The number of striatum c-Fos response cells and c-Fos protein expression significantly decreased in the NEES group compared to the GI group after 12, 24, 48 hours. The results of the present study suggest that NEES is ineffective in improving global ischemia in rats and may also be ineffective in the globally ischemic human brain.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.817-830
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between effects of TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) and IFC(Interferrential Current Therapy) to the change of body surface temperature. Cases are 22 normal persons and 22 patients with low back pain. Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging system was used for the detection of body surface temperature. 50Hz in frequency and 25-35mA in intensity were applied to TENS and IFC, 15 and 10 minutes on each. The results were follows ; 1. TENS and IFC has on effect of decreasing surface temperature, which would be from cardiovascular factors. (P<0.001) 2. The influence of IFC to the body surface temperature is greater than TENS, and it seems to be vasoconstriction of sympathetic activity. 3. There were no significant differences of body surface temperature between the two groups before and after electrical stimulation.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.33-42
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on a visual analysis scale and functional visual analysis scale regarding functional capacity. A total of 7 consecutive patients with the complaint of patellofemoral pain syndrome who received this diagnosis from a sports medicine physician were recruited to assess the effect of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Functional Visual Analog Scale (FVAS), functional capacity patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The exercise rehabilitation consisted of a complex training program requiring five treatments a week for eight weeks. The training program consisted of four phases, and each lasted for two weeks. Statistical analyses were one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in the VAS and FVAS during 8-weeks of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (p<.01). (2) There were no significant differences in the functional capacity during 8-weeks of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (p<.05). In conclusion, at the end of the eight weeks of this rehabilitation program and neuromuscular electrical stimulation, a significant reduction was found in VAS and FVAS, but there was no significant difference in functional capacity at the end of the treatment.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.339-343
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to see the effect of functional electrical stimulation on forced vital capacity and alternating motion rate in children with spastic cerebral palsy. This study divided 20 children with spastic cerebral palsy into two groups; functional electrical stimulation treatment group and control group. Functional electrical stimulation treatment group had 20min per day treatment three times a week for four weeks and the control group did not have any treatment. Before and after intervention, this study measured forced vital capacity and alternate motion rate(/peo/,/teo/) for all children. Forced vital capacity showed statistically significant increase for the group with functional electrical stimulation(p<.05) while the control group did not show any significant increase(p>.05). Alternate motion rate showed statistically significant increase for the group with functional electrical stimulation(p<.05) while the control group did not show any significant increase(p>.05). This result shows that functional electrical stimulation affected the ability of the children with spastic cerebral palsy who have decreased breathing and phonation capability.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.465-479
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• 1995

We randomly assigned 61 healthy subjects(male 14, female 47) to compare the experimental pain threshold and skin temperature between high mode TENS and burst mode TENS. In this study, 61 subjects were divided into three groups ; high mode TENS(n=20), burst mode TENS (n=20), and control group(n=21). Experimental pain thresholds and skin temperatures were measured before, immediately after cessation of stimulation, and at 30 minutes post stimulation. Stimulation was applied to the dorsal surface of the forearm(L14, LI10). Pain thresholds were measured by chronaxie meter. Skin temperature were measured by electrical digital thermometer. The results are as follows ; 1. There were no statistical difference in the pain threshold and skin temperature at before TENS stimulation among the three groups(p>0.05). 2. The pain threshold and skin temperature in burst mode TENS group was significantly higher and longer effect than that in high mode TENS group and control group(p<0.01). 3. The pain threshold in burst mode TENS group decreased to prestimulation levels by 30 minutes poststimulation. 4. The skin temperature in burst mode TENS group decreased to prestimulation levels by 20 minutes poststimulation. 5. The skin temperature was significantly difference among three group at immediately after, and at 30 minutes poststimulation and the skin temperature in burst mode TENS group was significantely higher than that in two groups(p<0.001). 6. The increasing rate of pain threshold in high mode TENS group after immediately cassation of stimulation was 24.3%(p<0.001). 7. The increasing rate of pain threshold in burst mode TENS group after immediately cessation of stimulation was 93.5% (p<0.001).

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 1995

The use of electricity to evoke s skeletal muscle response is FES, which is a form of functional electrical stimulation. In the case of the damaged spinal cord, the technique can supply stimulation to the lower moter neurons and their muscle fiber, which have been disconnected from control of the higher nervous system. Recent advances in electronics, particularly miniaturization, have made possible the design of much improved systems of electrodes and stimulaters for FES. Clinical research has followed two main lines: the use of FES in the upper extremities for producing functional hand rehabilitation in quadriplegics and in the lower extremities for producing standing and gait in paraplegics.