• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.405-422
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is provide reference data for anthropometry and body composition and also to compare body fat estimation among skinfold thickness, BIA and NIR methods. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, eight sites of skinfolds and six sites of circumferences were taken from 76 elderly male and 153 elderly female. Skinfold thicknesses, body composition and circumferences except waist were lowered with advancing age in elderly females and males. The degree of change with age vaired among parameters but was consistently and significantly(p<0.05) greater in elderly females than I males. Although sum of skinfold thicknesses and the amount of central and peripheral fat were significantly higher in females than that of males, the ratio of central fat to peripheral fat was significantly greater in males than in females. WHR is also significantly higher in males than that of females. This indicates that fat distribution of males tend to be centralized toward the trunk of the body than females. Estimation of body fat from skinfold thickness(male : 18.5$\pm$4.1$\%$, female : 29.7$\pm$4.0$\%$) and BIA(male : 19.5$\pm$7.3$\%$, female : 29.6$\pm$6.7$\%$) were similar but were significantly different from NIR method(male : 24.7$\pm$5.6$\%$, 34.8$\pm$4.9$\%$). Estimation of body fat by NIR measurement seemed to be more overestimated. Understanding the normal changes in body composition with increasing old age, and the ability to measure these changes and compare them with appropriate reference data are important for the health of the elderly.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.149-164
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• 1997

This research examined the relationships of individual and intergenerational variables with psychological well-being(PWB) of elderly females and the relative significance of the effect of these variables on PWB. Structured interview technique was used to collect data from 202 elderly females in Seoul who were recruited through quota sampling method. Two-way analysis of variance result indicated that interaction effect between aged and the presence of spouse on PWB was existed. Though most variables were significantly correlated with PWB of elderly females results of multiple regression analyses indicated that three variables-self-efficacy self-esteem affectional solidarity with adult children- significantly influenced PWB and three variabels-coresiding with the first son's family satisfaction with pocket money and contact solidarity-approached the significance level to the effect on PWB.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2011

Electroglottography (EGG) is a common method for providing non-invasive measurements of glottal activity. EGG has been used in vocal pathology as a clinical or research tool to measure vocal fold contact. This paper presents the results of pitch, jitter, and closed quotient (CQ) measurements in electroglottographic signals of young (mean = 22.7 years) and elderly (mean = 74.3 years) male and female subjects. The sustained corner vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ were measured at around 70 dB SPL since the most notable among EGG variables is the phonation intensity, which showed positive correlation with closed phase. The aim of this paper was to measure EGG data according to age and gender. In CQ, there was a significant difference between young and elderly female subjects while there was no significant difference between young and elderly male subjects. The mean value for young males was higher than that for elderly males while the mean value for young females was lower than that for elderly females. Thus, it can be said that in mean values, increased CQ was related to decreased age for females, while CQ decreased for males as the speaker's age decreased. Although the laryngeal degeneration due to increased age seems to occur to a lesser extent in females, the significant increase of CQ in elderly female voices could not be explained in terms of age-related physiological changes. In standard deviation of pitch and jitter, the mean values for young and elderly males were higher than that for young and elderly females. That is, male subjects showed higher in mean values of voice variables than female subjects. This result could be considered as a sign of vocal instability in males. It was suggested that these results may provide powerful insights into the control and regulation of normal phonation and into the detection and characterization of pathology.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2020

Purpose: : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intrauterine insemination (IUI) success rate and to define the variables for predicting success. Methods: The secondary data analysis was used with data collected from infertile females who underwent IUI in Fertility and IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) clinics, who benefited from the 'National Medical-aid Program for ART (assisted reproductive technology) in 2016', in which the data of 34,920 IUI cases were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome measure was the clinical pregnancy rate in elderly and young infertile females. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, χ2 test and logistic regression. Results: The pregnancy rate was 12.1% (2,095 cases) in elderly infertile females and 15.6% in young infertile females (2,758 cases) (χ2 = 87.90, p< .001). Using the logistic regression analysis, clinical pregnancy was positively associated with the ovulatory factor (OR= 1.48, p< .001) and male factor (OR= 1.19, p< .05) in elderly infertile females. It was positively associated with the ovulatory factor (OR= 1.30, p= .001) and the peritoneal cavity factor (OR= 0.58, p< .05) in young infertile females. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the pregnancy rate in young infertile females was higher than that in old infertile females, and the IUI is the effective option in pregnancies in all ages with infertility due to the ovulatory factor. Additionally, further studies are necessary to fully describe pregnancy experiences for all the infertile females.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.530-543
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• 2018

This study investigated elderly winter wearing habits and self-identified thermal tolerance in order to compare differences between older males and older females. We surveyed 269 participants: 119 males (age $76.9{\pm}5.9yr$) and 150 females (age $76.1{\pm}5.7yr$). Thirty one questionnaires were used: Self-identified cold and heat tolerance, clothing behavior, lifestyles related to the cold and health care, etc. High percentage of respondents (both males and females) felt vulnerable to the cold. The total number of outdoor clothes were $9.6{\pm}1.6$ and $10.6{\pm}1.6$ in males and females, respectively (p<.05). Wearing frequencies for thermal underwear were 84.0% and 82.4% in males and females, respectively. The using percentage of auxiliary heating devices was higher in females compared to males (p<.01). Males felt more cold in the head and face compared to females (p<.01). Self-identified cold tolerance had negative relationships with the total number of winter outdoor clothes for both males (r=-0.260) and females (r=-0.222) (p<.01). The perceived old age for both males and females was 72.4 yr. Sex differences should be considered when developing guidelines for winter clothing behavior for the elderly and educating them on how to improve health and cold tolerance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.26
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• pp.49-67
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between demographic and psychological variables and clothing behavior with reference to sex difference in adult and elderly groups. The clothing behavior was measured by Clothing importance, Interest, Conformity, Modesty, Psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management, Fashion, and Clothing satis-faction. Psychological variables in this study were self-esteem and life-satisfaction, and demographic variables were sex, education, family type, health, and clothing expenditure. The hypotheses set up in this study were as follows : First, a causal relationship will exist between demographic and psychological variables and clothing behavior in both adult and elderly groups. Second, in clothing behavior a main effect will exist between male and female groups and between adult and elderly groups. Third, in clothing behavior and interaction effect will exist between sex and age. The subjects of this study were 496 adult males, 459 elderly males, and 446 elderly females residing in Pusan area. The material used in this study to measure the clothing behavior was a 5-point rating scale with 31 items in 9 sub-areas developed by the author. The data were collected by five investigatiors well trained in interview before-hand. The following conclusions were obtained from the relults and discussions of this study : First, sex, education, and clothing expendi-ture has a causal relationship with clothing behavior in adult group. Females, higher-educated group, and the group with more clothing expenditure reveal higher concern for clothing. In adult group life-satisfaction does not have any causal relationship with clothing behavior in general execpt for clothing satis-to Psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management, and Clothing satisfaction in the group. Second, in elderly group sex, education, and health significantly contribute to clothing behavior. A cencern for clothing is higher in female, higher-educated group, and the group with higher perception in health. Self-esteem has a causal relationship with Clothing importance, Conformity, Management, and Clothing satisfaction, whereas life-satisfaction has a strong causal relationship with clothing behavior in general. Third, in both adult and elderly groups a sig-nificant sex diference exists in clothing behavior. Females show higher concern for Clothing importance, Interest, Psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management, and Fashion than males. On the other hand, males reveal higher concern for Conformity and Clothing satisfaction than females. Fourth, a significant interaction effect exists between age and sex, while elderly females show lower concern for Clothing importance, Interest, and Psychological dependence than adult females, elderly males show higher concern for the same sub-areas of clothing behavior than adult males. This signifies the increase of the concern for clothing in elderly males with the decrease of social activities. Fifth, adult female group reveals lower Con-formity in clothing compared with the other groups, which signifies the higher individuality in clothing behavior. On the other hand, the elderly groups show significantly higher Conformity than the adult groups. this signifies the importance of the consideration for the variables other than individuality in clothing behavior for the group.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.3 s.75
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• pp.197-215
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine how the causal relationships between independent variables, marital communication decision making participation and family life satisfaction of elderly in couple household. The survey was conducted from May 26 to July 21, 2003. Total 394(male: 186, female: 208) samples were used for the analysis. Using SPSS/PC WIN program, data were analyzed by frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, Cronbach'a, Pearson's correlation, t-test, and multiple regression. The major findings were as follows: 1) The findings showed that there were high level of the communication between the elderly males and females. In the decision making participation the finding showed that both elderly males and females generally made joint decisions with no gender differences. The elderly males and females reported overall family life satisfaction; and the elderly males were more likely satisfied with their family lives than the elderly females. 2) The path analysis on family life satisfaction presented that several variables had direct/indirect effects on family life satisfaction through communication and decision making participation. Among the moderate variables, communication agreement and communication openness had significant effects on family life satisfaction. Specifically, the elderly men were more likely satisfied when they participated in decision making on leisure: the elderly women were more likely satisfied when they participated in decision making on family life.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.2 s.74
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• pp.23-36
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to suggest the marital communication methods for improving the quality of marriage and life for the elderly couples. For this study we considered variables affected on the marital communication of elderly couples. I investigated 394 elderly men and women living with only their spouse and analyzed data with SPSS PC WIN. The major findings were as follows: 1) The findings showed that there were high level of communication between the elderly males and females who lived with the spouses without adult children. 2) Variables that influenced the elderly couples' communication were as follows: for the elderly males, intimacy between husband and wife, self-esteem, and gender role attitude; for the elderly females, intimacy between husband and wife, health condition, tendency toward relationships, and intention to keep the elderly couple household.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2009

Purpose: To investigate the relationships among stress, depression, family function, and activities of daily living in elderly females. Methods: Using a descriptive correlation for the study design, data was collected from 134 elderly females older than 60 years of age. Result: The level of depression among the subjects was 6.04($\pm5.30$) and level of stress was 1.62($\pm.70$). The performance capacity of the activities of daily living was 17.79($\pm0.87$), and the instrumental activities of daily living was 22.33($\pm2.66$). The family function was 2.82($\pm3.47$). Depression and stress showed a positive correlation(p<.001) and had a negative correlation with family function(p=.025), as the correlation with instrumental activities of daily living was negatively related(p=.008). Stress had a positive relationship with family function(p<.001). and was negatively related to instrumental activities of daily living (p=.041). Conclusion: For health promotion of elderly females, it is critical to make an effort to establish and constantly develop a program, as well as policy for the health of the elderly considering and understanding gender differences.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.325-347
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• 2010

To provide a satisfactory life for the elderly females who are the most impoverished among the elderly social strata, this study is geared towards, and focused on, the exploration on their attitudes towards death. For the purpose of this study, in-depth interviews with females aged 65 and over, who are officially classified as the beneficiary of national fundamental livelihood security, have been conducted. Then, the results from these interviews have been compiled and analyzed through qualitative research methods. As a result of this research, the attitudes of the destitute elderly females towards death are categorized into several themes, such as 'Feeling close to the death through a hard life', 'Positive acceptance of the death', 'Relying on funeral services from government and religious organization', 'Hoping for a death with dignity'. The attitudes of death means to them that 'they can get out of a hard life', and elderly female beneficiaries were positive in their acceptance of this meaning. Those who could obtain funeral services as a part of assistance from government and a religious organization did not feel stressful about their funeral arrangements. However, there were individuals who didn't know if their funeral services would be covered by the government. They were unsure if a funeral service would be held for them, or they would have nobody to hold a funeral for them. Accordingly, they were worried about that. The poor elderly females were unhealthy and indigent, and so, they had death anxiety. Therefore, based on the study results above, some ideas regarding elderly welfare are proposed to enable poor elderly females to face their deaths with dignity.