• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.284-291
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• 2019

Background: Ginseng root rot disease, caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani is a major cause of replant failure in continuous cropping ginseng. Methods and Results: To control replant injury in soil infected with C. destructans and F. solani, biosolarization was performed by covering the plot with transparent polyethylene film after adding green manure of maize and sunflower for the summer season. Per 10 a, fresh and dry weight of maize was 10.1 and 2.5 tons, respectively, and that of sunflower was 8.1 tons and 1.2 tons, respectively. Mean maximum temperature at 20 cm depth was $33.2^{\circ}C$, $41.5^{\circ}C$ and $41.8^{\circ}C$ in the control, maize-incorporated and sunflower-incorporated plots, respectively. The elapsed time over $40^{\circ}C$ was 36.4 h in the maize-incorporated plot and 77.3 h in the sunflower-incorporated plot. Biosolarization increased $NO_3$ content in soil, while content of organic matter, Ca, and Mg was decreased. Electrical conductivity, $NO_3$ and $P_2O_5$ in soil significantly increased after two years of biosolarization. The number of spores of C. destructans in soil was significantly decreased by biosolarization, and sunflower treatment was more effective than maize treatment in decreasing the number of spores. Root yield of 3-year-old ginseng was significantly increased by biosolarization, however, there was no significant difference between maize and sunflower treatments. Rate of root rot in 3-year-old ginseng decreased to 16.5% with the incorporation maize and 5.0% with the incorporation of sunflower, while that in control 25.6%. Conclusions: Biosolarization was effective in inhibiting ginseng root rot by decreasing the density of root rot disease and improving soil chemical properties.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.277-283
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• 1999

This study was aimed at furnishing the data of Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures and aiding treatmenting Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures A 5-year review of Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures and concomitant injuries is presented. The patients were treated in the Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Wankwang University Hospital from Jan. 1, 1993 to Dec. 31, 1997. The results were as followes: Male predominated over female by a ratio of 4.6 : 1. The most common reasons is traffic accident(88.2%). The elapsed time from injury to operation is average 9.2 days, and the mean admission days were 79 days and removal of plates were average 217.3 days. The most associated facial bone fractures is Zygomatico-Maxillary complex fracture(20%). Associated injuries were neurologic injury(29.4%), orthopedic injury(23.5%), opthalmologic injury(17.6%), body injury(5.8%), neuropsychologic injury(5.8%) and otolaryngologic injury(5.8%) in this order. The most injured teeth were upper and lower incisors. The intubation methods for surgery were orotracheal(29.57%), submental(29.5%), and nasotracheal technique(41%). Most patients had complications, that were post-traumatic telecanthus, nasal depression, scar formation. This results suggest that early diagnosis and treatment is prerequisits to satisfactory result. Aggressive management of NOE fracture with direct or bicoronal exposure with aid of CT is now an accepted norm.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.37-57
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• 2017

On 9 March 2017, a Tribunal constituted under the ICSID Convention issued its ruling in the case of Ansung Housing v. People's Republic of China, dismissing with prejudice all claims made by the Claimant, Ansung Housing Co., Ltd., in its Request for Arbitration, pursuant to ICSID Arbitration Rule 41(5). Ansung Housing v. PRC has drawn attention since it is the first case where an investor with Korean nationality initiated an ICSID arbitration on the basis of the Korea-China Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) as amended in 2007 between the Republic of Korea and the People's Republic of China. The Tribunal finds that its ruling is about a lack of jurisdiction of the ICSID and of its own competence as well as regarding manifest lack of legal merit due to a lack of temporal jurisdiction, since a Respondent's Rule 41(5) objection is concerned with the three-year limitation period in Article 9(7) of the Korea-China BIT. The Tribunal held that, under Article 9(7) of the Korea-China BIT, the limitation period begins with an investor's first knowledge of the fact that it has incurred loss or damage, not with the date on which it gains knowledge of the quantum of that loss or damage. Finally, the Tribunal held that Ansung submitted its dispute to ICSID and made its claim for purposes of Article 9(3) and (7) of the BIT after more than three years had elapsed from the date on which Ansung first acquired knowledge of loss or damage and that the claim is time-barred and, as such, is manifestly without legal merit. It remains to be seen whether the aggrieved Claimant initiates annulment proceedings before an ad hoc committee under the ICSID Convention. It is quite interesting to see whether the decisions by the Tribunal should be reversed on the basis of the Claimant's arguments as to the start date as well as the end date of the limitation period under the Korea-China BIT.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact on the ability to walk, balance after side walking training of hemiplegic patients caused by stroke. Method : The subjects were training before stroke onset whether more than one year elapsed 15 patients with chronic stroke patients, and Berg balance scale(BBS) and Timed up and go test(TUG), Functional reaching test(FRT), 20m walking time 200m walking time were measured and recorded. Training period, a total of three weeks, and training frequency circuit training times 10 minutes per training, 5-minute break, the 10-minute training total 25-minute training was conducted. Gait line of 3m to be based on the patient's side walking, and the risk of falling compared to the presence of the experimenter trained under was carried out. Result : 1. TUG, 2. 20m walking time, 3. 200m walking time 4. FRT, 5. All showed significant improvement in BBS. Judging from the results, the side walking training conducted three weeks due to chronic stroke hemiplegic patient's ability to balance and showed a positive effect on the improvement of walking ability. Conclusion : Accordingly, it was more effective to train hemiplegic patients with chronic stroke on side walking.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.293-310
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• 2005

We made a revised catalogue for reliable records of meteor outbursts that were recorded in Korean, Japanese, and Chinese chronicles. In order to avoid the effects of both Earth's precession and perihelion shift, we introduced a new time-coordinate of records, or the number of days elapsed within the sidereal year of the record for a given origin of time or the perihelion passage time of the you 2000. We added nineteen new records of meteor showers that are wrongly classified i, individual meteors in a Chinese archive. We found that the ${\eta}-Aquarids,$ the Perseids, the Orionids, and the Leonids have been active during the last two millennia. Due to the change of time-coordinate, the oldest record of each long-lasting meteor shower has been slightly corrected. We discuss that these long-lasting meteor showers belong to the Halley-type comets.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.377-395
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• 2008

This article aims to help decide until when a library has to hold journal volumes for user efficiency by measuring the value of academic journals to find the frequency of journal use over the elapsed time based on the half-life index-number of literature obsolescence by Burton & Kebler. Four general subjects categories in science was analyzed. (4 detailed subjects in mathematics, 12 in physics, 12 in chemistry, 14 in technology was selected.) As a result, citation ages are $20{\sim}29$ years in mathematics, $8{\sim}11$ in physics, chemistry, and technology. Average half-life indexes are 11.22 year in mathematics, 7.5 in physics, 8.4 in chemistry, and 8.88 in technology.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.32-39
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the 3-year mean periods aftermath of child sexual abuse and to compare the sexual violence victims regard to the treatment. Methods: 682 sexual violence victims were recruited by Seoul Sunflower Children Center, a nation-funded sexual violence victim protection center for children age 13, from 2004 to 2008. Data from 49 victims among 116 consented a follow-up, were analyzed. The victims were assessed by psychological test. Data was analyzed by SPSS ver. 15.0 (SPSS Inc.). Results: The average time elapsed from the last presumed sexual abuse was 39.7 months [standard deviation (SD) 26.02]. Overall, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was significantly decreased from 15.8 (SD 9.33) to 10.4 (SD 9.98), and several subscales (depression, anxiety, anger, posttraumatic stress, and dissociation) of Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) were also significantly decreased. CDI and TSCC scores showed no statistical difference between treatment-given and not-given groups, but Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) was decreased in treatment-given group, whereas it was increased in treatment-not-given group. The difference of RCMAS scores between the two groups was statistically significant [F(1,28)=4.54, p<0.05]. Conclusion: Sexually abused children showed overall symptom decreases over time, but anxiety was not decreased in treatment not-given group.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.4
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• pp.392-397
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• 2008

To characterize the root strength changes of Pinus densiflora by elapsed years after forest fire, we measured and analyzed the tensile force and strength of the roots using the universal testing machine for 4 years. The deterioration rate of the root strength was higher in small diameter class than that in large diameter class. Especially, the deterioration was highest of the root strength at the second year in all surveyed diameter classes and the mean deterioration rate of the root strength was 61% by that time. The tensile strength based on the simulation by ordinary differential equations deteriorated more than 50% in all diameter classes within 2 years after forest fire.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.421-428
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• 1986

From January 1981 through December 1985, 481 thoracic civilian injuries were reviewed in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Paik Hospital in Seoul. Sixty two percent of the injuries were caused by traffic accident, 18% fall down, 15% blunt trauma, 2% crushing injury, 2% stab wound, and 0.4% gunshot wound. Peak incidence of the trauma victim was fourth and fifth decades revealing 22% and 27% respectively. Sex ratio was 3.5:1 with male predominance. Elapsed time before admission was less than one hour in 36% and one to six hour in 30%. The types of the injuries were as follows: Non-penetrating injuries were the most part of the wounded, 97.6%. Rib fracture was the most common lesion occupying 292 patient out of 481 [61%]. Of these 292 patients, 72% was multiple rib fracture. The incidence of hemothorax or hemopneumothorax was 19% [102 patients] [Table 4]. Most common associated condition was head injuries, 98 patients [14%]. Thoracoabdominal injuries were seen in 31 patients [0.6%]. Tube thoracostomy was the definitive measures in the 20% of the wounded. Open thoractomy was performed in 5%. Additional procedures for the associated condition were done in the 16% of the cases, for example, reduction of long bone fracture and trephination for the head injury. Among 481 wounded, fatal complication occurred in 13 patients [2.7%]. This paper has also compared two series of patients according to period; one from 1970 to 1980 and the present series [Table 8]. Conclusively, the fatal complications or trauma death may be reduced by the effort 1] rapid transport of the victim, 2] initial correction or resuscitative measures of the circulatory and ventilatory deficit 3] early decision of definitive thoracostomy or thoracotomy and 4] proper prioritizing for the care of the multiple critically injured patient.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2018

Background: Since the revised Ginseng Industrial Act was passed, ginseng sprouts have become a new medicinal vegetable for which there is high consumer demand. However, the existing amount of research and data on ginseng production has not kept pace with this changed reality. Methods and Results: In this study we analyzed the changes in the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of growing ginseng sprouts during the period from when organic seedlings were planted in nursery soil until 8 weeks of cultivation had elapsed, which was when the leaves hardened. In the leaves, ginsenoside content increased 1.62 times with the panaxadiol (PD) system and 1.31 - 1.56 times with the panaxatriol (PT) system from 7 to 56 days after transplantation. During the same period, the total ginsenoside content of the stems decreased by 0.66 - 0.91 times, and those of the roots increased until the $21^{st}$ day, and then underwent steep declines. The effect of fermented press cake extract (FPCE) and tap water (TP) on the total amount of ginsenoside per plant were similar, and could be represented with the equations $y=1.4330+0.2262x-0.0008x^2$ and $y=0.9555+0.2997x-0.0031x^2$ in which y = ginsenoside content x = amount of and on the total amounts of FPCE or TP, respectively after 26.4 days, however, the difference between ginsenoside content with FPCE and TP widened. Conclusions: These results suggested that the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of ginseng varied with the cultivation period and nutrient supply. These findings also provide fundamental data on the distribution of ginsenosides among plant parts for 2-year-old ginseng plants in the early-growth stage.