• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.101-104
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• 2000

본 논문은 중거리 수중표적이 고정 설치된 수신기에 접근 시 표적신호의 다중경로에 신호변형을 일으키며, 특히 신호의 변형 중 도플러효과를 변화정도를 신호모의를 동하여 분석하였다. 동해의 동계와 하계의 대표적인 음속구조에 따른 고유음선(eigenray)의 도플러 주파수를 계산하였다. 수중표적의 속도는 12노트, 주파수는 135Hz, 350Hz, 신호는 정현파로 가정하여 신호모의를 하였다. 그 결과 해저면 반사가 한번인 음선은 수신신호에 주로 Vp-doppler를 형성하였고 두 번인 음선은 주로 Down-doppler를 형성하였다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.75-82
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• 1994

The ray paths and travel times of sound wave in the ocean depend on the physical properties of the propagating media. Ocean Acoustic Tomography(OAT), which is inversely estimate the travel time variations between fixed sources and receivers the physical properties of the corresponding media can he understood. To apply ocean survey technology by using the OAT, the tomographic procedure requires forward problem that variation of the travel times be identified with the variability of the medium. Also, received signals must be satisfied the necessary conditions of ray path stability, identification and resolution in order for OAT to work. The canonical ocean has been determined based on the historical data and its travel time and ray path are used as reference values. The sound speed of canonical ocean in the East Sea is about 1523 m/s at the surface and 1458 m/s at the sound channel axis(400m). Sound speeds in the East Sea are perturbed by warm eddy whose horizontal extension is more than 100 km with deeper than 200 m in depth scale. In this study, an acoustic source and receiver are placed at the depth above the sound channel axis, 350 m, and are separated by 200 km range. Ray paths are identified by the ray theory methed in a range dependent medium whose sound speeds are functions of a range and depth. The eigenray information obtained from interpolation between the rays bracketing the receiver are used to simulate the received signal by convolution of source signal with the eigenray informations. The source signal is taken as a 400 Hz rectangular pulse signal, bandwidth is 16 Hz and pulse length is 64 ms. According to the analysis of the received signal and identified ray path by using numerical model of underwater sound propagation, simulated signals satisfy the necessary conditions of OAT, applied in the East Sea.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.679-685
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• 2002

Low-frequency mono-static reverberation model for shallow-water environment is presented. It is necessary to develop the transmission loss model to calculate the sub-bottom interaction because the ray-based transmission loss model is difficult to compute the pressure accurately which penetrates the bottom medium. In this paper reverberation level is calculated using the RAM (Range dependent Acoustic Model) to augment the multi-path expansion model because it does not estimate transmission loss accurately in shallow water. The signals generated by the L-HYREV and the GSM are compared with the observed signals and it is showed that the L-HYREV model provides a closer fit to the observed signals than those obtained using the GSM.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1992.06a
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• pp.127-130
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• 1992

한국 근해에서 능동소나 (active sonar) 사용시 사용되는 environmental parameters 가운데 하나인 volume reverberation(REv)을 산출하기 위하여 플랑크톤에 의한 후방산란 강도(backscattering strength)에 대한 연구를 하였다. 이를 위하여 수산진흥원 자료(80-89년)중 부유생물조사표에서 후방산란 강도가 다른 종에 비하여 큰 copepoda의 개체수를 평균한 후, 수심별 개체수를 계산하여 수심별, 주파수별(10, 50kHz), 계절별(2월, 8월) 후방산란 강도와 multipath eigenray model을 이용하여 REv를 산출하였다. 예로 사용한 동남해역(zone:S3), 서해중부해역(zone:W3)에서 주파수별 REv는 일반적인 형태인 포기에는 고주파가 높고, 1.5초 이후에는 저주파가 높게 나타났다. 그러나 여름이 겨울보다 플랑크톤 개체수가 많아 후방산란 강도가 크지만(2-5dB), REv는 겨울이 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 이유는 SVP profile에 의한 pressure 계산결과, 여름에는 ray가 down-ward이고 겨울에는 duct를 형성하여 ray가 거의 direct로 진행하므로 transmission loss가 여름이 크기 때문이다. 또한 ray tracing결과 여름철에는 ray crossing이 많아 겨울에 비하여 fluctuation이 심하게 나타나는 현상을 보이고 있다. 두 지역 이외에도 한국근해의 정확한 REv을 예측하기 위해서는 플랑크톤의 정확한 측정과, 이론적인 수치와 비교할 수 있는 실측치를 얻는 것이 필요하다고 볼 수 있다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.389-394
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• 2006

Mid-Frequency bistatic reverberation level is modeled using ray theoretic algorithms. The algorithm assumes multiple forward/backward scatter along with reciprocity in the Propagation paths. The environments modeled are assumed to be range independent in bathymetry, bottom scattering and surface scattering. Mid-Frequency bistatic scattering algorithm is used as a scattering model. A comparison of predicted reverberation versus time with measured data is presented to verify the bistatic reverberation model. The result demonstrates that it is possible to obtain reasonable reverberation Predictions in experimental site.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.232-237
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• 2014

A passive sonar of warship is composed of several directional or omni-directional sensors. In order to model the acoustic signal received into a warship sonar, the wave propagation modeling is usually required from arbitrary noise source to all sensors equipped to the sonar. However, the full calculation for all sensors is time-consuming and the performance of sonar simulator deteriorates. In this study, we suggest an asymptotic method to estimate the sonar signal arrived to sensors adjacent to the reference sensor, where it is assumed that all information of eigenrays is known. This method is developed using Taylor series for the time delay of eigenray and similar to Fraunhofer and Fresnel approximation for sonar aperture. To validate the proposed method, some numerical experiments are performed for the passive sonar. The approximation when the second-order term is kept is vastly superior. In addition, the error criterion for each approximation is provided with a practical example.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.104-115
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• 2013

In a shallow water waveguide, reverberation signals and their Doppler effects form the primary limitation on sonar system performance. Therefore, in the reverberation-limited environment, it is necessary to estimate the reverberation level to be encountered under the conditions in which the sonar system is operated. In this paper, high-frequency reverberation model capable of simulating the reverberation signals received by a high-speed moving source in a range independent waveguide is suggested. In this model, eigenray information from the source to each boundary is calculated using the ray-based approach and the optimizing method for the launch angles. And the source receiving position changed by the moving source is found by a scattering path-finding algorithm, which considers the speed and direction of source and sound speed to find the path of source movement. The scattering effects from sea surface and bottom boundaries are considered by APL-UW scattering models. The model suggested in this paper is verified by a comparison to the measurements made in August 2010. Lastly, this model reflects well statistical properties of the reverberation signals.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2021

When sound waves propagate over long distances in shallow water, measured transmission loss is greater than predicted one using underwater acoustic model with the Rayleigh reflection model due to inhomogeneity of the bottom. Accordingly, the US Navy predicts sound wave propagation by applying the empirical formula-based High Frequency Bottom Loss (HFBL) model. In this study, the measurement and analysis of transmission loss was conducted using mid-frequency (2.3 kHz, 3 kHz) in the shallow water of the East Sea in summer. BELLHOP eigenray tracing output shows that only sound waves with lower grazing angle than the critical angle propagate long distances for several kilometers or more, and the difference between the predicted transmission loss based on the Rayleigh reflection model and the measured transmission loss tend to increase along the propagation range. By comparing the Rayleigh reflection model and the HFBL model at the high grazing angle region, the bottom province, the input value of the HFBL model, is estimated and BELLHOP transmission loss with HFBL model is compared to measured transmission loss. As a result, it agrees well with the measurements of transmission loss.