• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.901-909
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• 1994

The effects of sardine oil(high in eicosapentaenoic acid : EPA) and tuna oil(high in docosahexaenoic acid : DHA, also high in EPA) on fatty acid composition of brain and learning ability were evaluated in male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats and compared with the effects of corn oil and beef tallow. Animals assigned by randomized block design to one of the four experimental diet groups containing dietary lipid at 15%(w/w) level were given ad libitum for 7 weeks. Food intake and body weight gain of the fish oil groups were significantly lower than those of the corn oil and beef tallow groups. However, brain weights of the groups were not significantly different. In the brain fatty acid composition, the corn oil group showed high concentrations of n-6 fatty acids, the fish oil groups of n-3 fatty acids, and the beef tallow group of saturated fatty acids. Brain EPA and DHA contents of the fish oil groups showed significantly higher than the other groups while the brain ratio of saturated/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acid was controlled in a narrow range. In a maze test, the fish oil groups appeared to arrive at the goal faster than the corn oil and beef tallow groups. It explained that EPA in diets might efficiently convert to DHA resulting in DHA accumulation in brain tissue and might increase the learning performance as DHA did.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2016

To understand the diet of chaetognaths, the gut content and fatty acid trophic makers (FATMs) of Sagitta crassa and S. nagae, which are the most predominant species of chaetognath in the Yellow Sea, were analyzed. Gut contents of the two species examined by microscopic analysis revealed that copepods are the major components of the diet (> 70% of gut contents) and there was no significant changes in the gut contents of two species collected in spring and summer season. Although 16:0, 20:5(n-3) (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and 22:6(n-3) (Docosahexanoic acid), which are known as phytoplankton FA markers, were the most dominant among the fatty acids in both chaetognath species, the detection of copepod FA markers, 20:1(n-9) (Gadoleic acid) and 22:1(n-11) (Cetoleic acid), provided evidence that their food sources include copepods. These results suggest that S. crassa and S. nagae are carnivores and mainly feed on copepods in the Yellow Sea.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 1982

Differences of lipids, especially total lipid composition, fatty acid and sterol composition of the flesh lipids between three species of cephalopods were investigated, since available researches concerning lipids in flesh tissues of the cephalopod are very limited. Extracted total lipid from the flesh tissues were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography into three lipid classes of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. The lipid compositions of total lipid and neutral lipids were estimated by the method of thin layer chromatography and TLC-scanner. The sterol compositions of unsaponifiable matters from total lipid were determined by using thin layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The fatty acid composition of each lipid class was also determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Total lipid contents of flesh tissues from three species of the cephalopods were 0.5 in Octopus vulgare, 0.8 in Octopus variabilis and $0.6\%$ in Loligo beka based on wet weight, the contents of total fatty acid in total lipid were 19.3, 47.8 and $38.4\%$, and the contents of unsaponifiable matters were 10.9, 18.8 and $41.1\%$, respectively. Total lipid was mainly composed of sterols and polar lipid-pigments as major components in each sample and the proportion of sterols and polar lipid-pigments to total lipid ranged from 27.0 to $35.5\%$ and 38.3 to $63.4\%$, respectively. The other lipid components of total lipid, e.g. triglycerides, free fatty acids, and carbohydrate-esterified sterols were determined as a minor components. The major component fatty acid in total lipid was palmitic acid and additionaly it chiefly consisted of the other unsaturated acids such as oleic, linoleic, octadecatetraenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid as major components of the acid. The compositions of sterol in three species of cephalopod were found to contain mainly cholesterol for its proportion to total sterols was 82.4 to $89.1\%$. However the other sterols such as 22-dehydrocholesterol and 24-methylenecholesterol were determined in addition to cholesterol as a minor components. The result of fractional composition of lipid class in total lipid was that total lipid had large .amount of polar lipid and small amount of nonpolar lipid i, e, neutral lipid in each sample, and the contents of phospholipid were higher than that of glycolipid in polar lipid. Neutral lipid was mainly composed of free sterol as major components in each sample and its proportion of free sterols to total neutral lipid was 50.0 to $70.5\%$. The other lipid components of neutral lipid showing similar in quantity, esterified sterols, free fatty acids and triglycerides were determined as a minor components. The major components fatty acid in neutral lipid were palmitic, oleic and hexadecadienoic acid. Palmitic acid was the most abundant and additionaly oleic, linoleic, octadecatetraenoic and myristic acid were the major component fatty acid in glycolipid. But, especially, glycolipid of Loligo beka contained a higher amount of arachidonic acid which also consists of major component in addition to those of acids. Palmitic acid was the most abundant and additionaly, oleic, linoleic and octadecatetraenoic acid were the major component fatty acids in phospholipid.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.264-273
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• 2008

The inhibitory effect of omega-3 such as linolenic acid (LNA), docosahexaenoic acid (DNA) and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) on the growth of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyItetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 2,3-bis-2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-caboxanilide (XTT) methods. LNA was found to decrease the cell viability of human oral epithelioid carcinoma cells (KB) in the MTT assay, whereas EPA appeared to inhibit the cell adhesion activity of human skin melanoma cells (SK-MEL-3) in the XTT assay analysis. DPPH radical scavenging activity was examined on LNA, DHA and EPA at the concentration of 100 ${\mu}M$, where they showed about 53% scavenging activity. These results suggest that omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid has a potential anticancer activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2002

We investigated the effect of fish oil (FOS) on growth performance, ruminal metabolism and fatty acid composition and physical characteristics of longissimus muscle in 10 steers and 10 bulls of Korean cattle. Concentrates diet was supplemented with FOS at 5% of the diet. FOS contained 3.34% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 24.87% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of total fatty acids by weight. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency were not affected (p>0.871) by FOS, but feed intake was decreased. FOS had lower (p<0.003) pH and higher (p<0.001) $NH_3$-N than that of control. There was a treatment effect (p<0.001) for serum cholesterol concentrations. FOS increased (p<0.009) concentrations of n-3 fatty acids, including linolenic, EPA and DHA in longissimus muscle. Physical traits were significantly (p<0.015) changed by feeding FOS except for pH and lightness (L). We concluded that the fatty acid composition and physical properties of the muscle in fattening Korean cattle can be altered by feeding 5% FOS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.185-189
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• 1989

Effect of perilla oil on the fatty acid composition, ACAT and HMG-CoA reductase in the liver microsomes, or cholesterol and protein in serum of rabbit were examined. 1. The content of total protein in serum was almost same amount of both groups, but ${\alpha_1}-globulin$ and r-globuline were incresed or ${\beta}-globulin$ was decresed compared with control. 2. The content of high density lipoprotein incresed, and the content of low density lipoprotein decresed in lipoprotein. 3. Total cholesterol and triglyceride were decresed, and the content of phospholipid was incresed. 4. Perilla oil did not effect for changing blood glucose and $Na^+,\;K^+$ electrolytes. 5. Perilla oil did not effect for changing serum GOT and GPT in rabbit. 6. The activity of ACAT decresed and the activity of HMG-CoA reductase incresed. The activity of ACAT and HMG-CoA reductase in liver microsomes were reciprocal. 7. There were arachidonic acid 20:4, eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5, and docosahexaenoic acid 22:6 in the liver microsomes of rabbits. These highly polyunsaturated fatty acids were convented from linolenic acid 18:3 n-3.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-69
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• 1995

This study designed to compare the hypolipidemic e(feats of n6 linoleic acid (LA), n3 w-linolenic acid(LL) and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) In rats fed high fat (40% Cal) diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed experimental diets for 6 weeks, which were different only in fatty acid composition. The dietary fats were beef tallow (BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid (SFA), corn oil(CO) for n6 LA, perilla oil (PO) for n3 a-LL and fish oil (FO) for n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma total cholesterol (T-chol) level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA+DHA and most effectively reduced by n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma triglyceride(TG ) level was reduced by n6 LA, but lipogenesis in liver was not affected by n6 LA. However, plasma TG level was lowered by n3 LL and EPA+DHA. Both lipogenic enzyme activity and liver TG level were also decreased by n3 PUFA. PO and FO groups were significantly higher in the relative Proportions of C20:5 and C22:6 of plasma and liver and lower in those of C20:4/C20:5 ratio. Overall, the lipid-lowering effect was in the order of n3 EPA+DHA >n3 LL > n6 LA and fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.499-505
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• 2000

The level of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in chicken and pork can be increased by changing the diet of the animals. Increased levels of these essential fatty acids improve cardiovascular health in humans. The purpose of this study was to study the effects of the consumption of pork and chicken enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on plasma lipids. The consumption of these products decreased the levels of two cardiovascular risk factors, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols, in the plasma of female college students. The effect on LDL-cholesterol differed from that of fish oil, which does not affect the level of LDL-cholesterol. The proportions of DHA in the triacylglycerols and the glycerophospholipids were increased markedly. The greatest changes in the glycerophospholipids were in the ether types of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. Dietary DHA appears to be incorporated preferentially into the plasma ethanolamine plasmalogens, which can act as antioxidants. This agrees with our hypothesis that DHA stimulated the transcription of the genes for peroxisomal enzymes that are required for plasmalogen synthesis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.256-261
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of perilla oil as well as several vegetable oils, including flaxseed oil, canola oil, and rice bran oil on plasma levels of cardioprotective (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice by feeding each vegetable oil for a period of eight weeks. Concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fish-based (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, showed an increase in the plasma of mice fed perilla and flaxseed oils compared to those of mice in the control group (P < 0.05), whereas rice bran and canola oils did not alter plasma DPA and EPA concentrations. Arachidonic acid concentration was increased by feeding rice bran oil (P < 0.05), but not canola, flaxseed, or perilla oil. In addition, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were altered by feeding dietary rice bran, canola, perilla, and flaxseed oils. Findings of this study showed that perilla oil, similar to flaxseed oil, is cardioprotective and could be used as an alternative to fish oil or even flaxseed oil in animal models.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.510-515
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• 2006

The putative EPA synthesis gene cluster was mined from the entire genome sequence of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. The gene cluster encodes a PKS-like pathway that consists of six open reading frames (ORFs): ORFSO1602 (multi-domain beta-ketoacyl synthase, KS-MAT-4ACPs-KR), ORFSO1600 (acyl transferase, AT), ORFSO1599 (multi-domain beta-ketoacyl synthase, KS-CLF-DH-DH), ORFSO1597 (enoyl reductase, ER), ORFSO1604 (phosphopentetheine transferase, PPT), and ORFSO1603 (transcriptional regulator). In order to prove involvement of the PKS-like machinery in EPA synthesis, a 20.195-kb DNA fragment containing the genes was amplified from S. oneidensis MR-1 by the long-PCR method. Its identity was confirmed by the methods of restriction enzyme site mapping and nested PCR of internal genes orfSO1597 and orfSO1604. The DNA fragment was cloned into Escherichia coli using cosmid vector SuperCos1 to form pCosEPA. Synthesis of EPA was observed in four E. coli clones harboring pCosEPA, of which the maximum yield was 0.689% of the total fatty acids in a clone designated 9704-23. The production yield of EPA in the E. coli clone was affected by cultivation temperature, showing maximum yield at $20^{\circ}C$ and no production at $30^{\circ}C$ or higher. In addition, production yield was inversely proportional to glucose concentration of the cultivation medium. From the above results, it was concluded that the PKS-like modules catalyze the synthesis of EPA. The synthetic process appears to be subject to regulatory mechanisms triggered by various environmental factors. This most likely occurs via the control of gene expression, protein stability, or enzyme activity.