• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1986

The energy metabolism with the normal laying hen and progesterone injected non-laying hen are compared. 1. The FHP of 109.7Kcal for laying hen was 25.5 percent higher than the 87.4 Kcal found for non-laying hen. 2. The MEm's of laying hen and non-laying hen were 149, and 135Kcal/Kg$\^$0.75/day and NAME's of the diets were 77 and 83 percent, respectively. For the laying hen shown negative retention in body energy during the experiment, the 77 percent NAME was the value of supporting egg production. For the non-laying hen shown the positive retention in body energy and zero egg production, the 83 percent NAME was of growth. 3. A change in body weight of 1g was comparable to 3.54 Kcal for laying hen, and 5.0 Kcal for non-laying hen, when calculated on regression equations between body weight change and body energy retention(BE). The figures indicate that the tissue energy is used with an efficiency of 70 percent for egg production. 4. Plasma level of triiodothyronine(T3) for the laying hen is appeared to be higher than that of non-laying hen, although the levels of thyroxine (T4) are equal both in laying and non-laying hen. 5. Activities of four hepatic enzymes(ATP citrate lyase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamte pyruvic transaminase) were significantly greater in the laying hen than in the non-laying hen.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.199-206
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• 1997

In this experiment, three kinds of autoclaved poultry by-product meals, P1 (head+feet+viscera), P2(P1+blood), and P3(P2+feathers), mixed as to the yielding ratios, and three kinds of autoclaved hatchery by-products meals, H1 (male d-old chicks of egg strain), H2(dead embryos ＆ infertile eggs), and H3(H1+H2, 2:1) were formulated into the layer diets each at 5％ level, respectively, and compared with the control diets(C) containing fishmeal on laying performances and egg qualifies. The egg production, average egg weight, feed intake and feed conversion were not significantly affected by the poultry or hatchery by-product meals. The egg shell qualities, such as the egg specific gravity, egg breaking strength and shell thickness, were not different among treatments. The egg yolk colour was improved by the feeding of hatchery by-products meals (P<0.05). In conclusion, pultry and hatchery by-product meals could be used in layer diets without any adverse effects on laying performances to substitute for fishmeal at about 5％ level.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.103-104
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of enhancement of protein, limit amino acid, Ca and P on egg Production and egg qualify in laying hens. 720 twenty five week of age (WOA) brown laying hen divided to two diet to seventy WOA. Conventional diet(control) formulated by NRC recommendation, 2,900 ME kcal/kg, 16.0 ％ crude protein, 0.768 ％ lysine, 0.332 ％ methionine, 3.5 ％ Ca and 0.275 available P. Enhanced diet(ED) formulated by increasing about ten percentage except ME and available P : 2,900 ME kcal/kg, 17.7 ％ crude protein, 0.845 ％ lysine, 0.368 ％ methionine, 3.99 ％ Ca and 0.275 available P. Overall egg Production were not difference by diets though the hens fed control diet tended to higher egg Production to sixty WOA. Average egg weight was heavier in the ED than control in all period(P＜0.05). Daily egg mass increased slightly in the ED, but there were not significantly difference. Average feed intake increased about 3g in the control compared to the ED. Feed conversion ratio significantly improved in the ED(P＜0.05). Egg shell breaking strength was stronger in ED by around sixty WOA and showed similar tendency after that. Egg shell thickness was certainly improved in ED. Haugh unit. egg shell color and egg yolk color were not difference by diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.217-221
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• 1994

In avian species, addition of aspirin to the diet was shown to improve the egg production and to elevate the proportion of essential fatty acid contents in several body tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary aspirin on the accumulation of essential fatty acids in egg yolk. Laying Japanese quail at 170 days of age were fed practical diets supplemented with graded levels (0, 0.4 and 0.8%) of aspirin for 2 weeks. There were no significant differences in final body weight and liver weight. Food intake and egg weight on the 0.8% aspirin diet were significantly lower than those on the 0 or 0.4% aspirin diet. In the liver and egg yolk lipids, the 16:0 in birds fed the 0.8% aspirin diet was significantly higher than that in birds fed the aspirin-free diet. However, the proportion of n-6 poly-unsaturated fatty acids was not affected by feeding aspirin diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1749-1754
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• 2014

The current experiment was designed to evaluate the efficacy of adding the multi-enzyme mixture (Natuzyme) into layers' diets with different levels of energy and available phosphorus in relation to laying performance, egg qualities, blood cholesterol level, microflora and intestinal viscosity. Two hundred and fifty 43-wk-old Hy-Line commercial layers were divided into five groups with five replicates per group (10 birds per replicate) and fed one of five experimental diets. A corn and soybean meal-based control diet was formulated and used as a control diet. Two experimental control diets were formulated to reduce energy and crude protein contents (rE) or energy, crude protein and phosphorus contents (rEP). In addition, Natuzyme was added into either rE (rE-Natu500) or rEP (rEP-Natu500) diet to reach a concentration of 500 mg per kg of diet. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg qualities such as eggshell color or Haugh unit, total cholesterol, relative organ weights and cecal microflora profiles between any dietary treatments. Natu500 supplementation into the rE diet, but not rEP diet significantly increased egg mass and eggshell qualities such as strength and thickness, but it decreased cecal ammonia concentration and intestinal viscosity in laying hens. In conclusion, the present study shows that adding multiple enzyme preparation could improve performance of laying hens fed energy and protein restricted diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2006

A total of 120 male and 240 female quail (Coturnix coturnix Pharaoh) were used to determine the effect of feeding time on laying and reproductive performance of Pharaoh quail. They were fed ad libitum between 09:00 to 17:00 or full day, daily. Each female-male pair was housed in multiple-bird cages and colony cages. Initial and final body weight, quail-day egg production, feed consumption per egg and mortality were measured to determine laying performance of breeders. A total of 960 eggs were used to determine reproductive performance of quail in each treatment group. Eggs were incubated in a commercial setter and hatcher in standard conditions. Embryonic mortality, apparent fertility, hatchability of total and fertile eggs were calculated to determine the reproductive performance. Results indicated that feeding between 09:00 to 17:00 h reduced final body weight and egg production (p<0.001, p<0.001). Whereas, limited time of feeding improved hatchability of total (p<0.001) and fertile eggs (p<0.001) and reduced embryonic mortality (p<0.001) when compared with the effects of feeding full day. It was found that there were no significant differences for the egg production of quail housed in different cage systems. Quail caged in multiple-bird cages consumed less feed (p<0.01) compared to quail housed in colony cages. There were significant differences for the mortality (p<0.05), hatchability of total (p<0.001) and fertile eggs (p<0.001), and embryonic mortality (p<0.001) during the incubation due to main effect of cage systems. There were significant cage $systems{\times}feeding$ time interactions for hatchability of total and fertile eggs and embryonic mortality (p<0.001). As a conclusion; feeding from 09:00 to 17:00 reduced laying performance of quail and improved the reproductive traits compared to full day feeding of quail breeders. But, further investigations are needed to determine the optimum length of feeding time and egg production of breeders in quail fed limited time must be evaluated in comparison with its beneficial or detrimental effects.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.404-408
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the effects of laying productivity and egg quality according to providing germinated and fermented soybean (GFS) as feed additive. Among the strain, we selected Monascus purpureus KCCM 12002 so that inoculated in soybean and fermented for 48 h at $20^{\circ}C$. A total of two-hundred forty 70-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were divided into four groups (4 treatment${\times}$6 replication${\times}$10 birds each) and fed diets containing 0 (as control) (T1), 0.5% (T2), 1.0% (T3) or 2.0% GFS (T4) for 6 wk. The laying productivity, egg quality and blood property in the egg yolk were experimented. There were no significant differences in the laying productivity, relative liver and spleen weights, egg yolk color and eggshell strength among another groups. The eggshell color, eggshell thickness and haugh unit significantly increased in the GFS-supplemented group (p<0.05) compared to control. However, no significant differences were observed in the blood property after supplementation. The amount of lactic acid bacteria present during storage increased by providing of GFS (p<0.05) compare to control group. Our study results suggested that GFS can be used as a favorable feed additive and feedstuff for the productivity of high quality eggs and promoted relative industry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1391-1399
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• 2009

Two hundred and sixteen 68-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were used in a 6-week feeding trial to compare the efficacy of phytases Optiphos (OPT) and Natuphos (NAT), which were isolated from Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger, respectively. Hens were randomly allotted into six treatments with six replications (six layers in three adjacent cages) per treatment according to their initial BW. The hens were then subjected to one of the following dietary treatments: i) Positive Control (PC; available phosphorus (AP) 0.4%); ii) Negative control (NC; AP 0.2%); iii) NAT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg NAT); iv) NAT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg NAT); v) OPT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg OPT); vi) OPT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg OPT). Feed intake, egg production, egg quality, apparent nutrient digestibility and serum P and Ca concentration were evaluated to compare the effect of the two phytases. Feed intake and eggshell thickness were not affected by the treatments. Superior effects (p<0.05) of OPT were only observed in egg production and egg weight compared with NAT. Characteristics such as eggshell breaking strength, apparent digestibility of N, Ca and P and serum P concentration were equally increased with the supplementation of both phytases (p<0.05), where no significant difference was observed in those characteristics between PC and phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equally effective improvements (p<0.05) were also observed in egg production and DM digestibility, where no improvements were observed (p<0.05) between the PC group and the groups with phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equal increases in the serum Ca level were observed when the groups with phytase supplementation were compared to the PC group. Overall, the results of this study suggest that NAT and OPT are equally effective at liberating phytate-bound complexes when included in 0.2% available phosphorus diets for 68-week laying hens; either source of phytase can be fed to commercial 68-week laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to correct the negative effects associated with a 0.2% available phosphorus diet. In conclusion, either source of phytase can be fed to commercial first cycle laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to effectively replace inorganic phosphorus when economically justified.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding germanium colloid(GC) on the egg quality and immune response in 1aying hens. One hundred forty four layers, 32-wk-old ISA Brown, were used in a 40-d experimental assay with a 7-d adjustment Period. Dietary treatments included 1) control (basal diet; CON), 2) 0.5ppm GC (basal diet + 0.Sppm germanium), 3) 1.0ppm GC (basal diet + 1.0 ppm germanium) . For overall Period, hen-day e99 Production tended to be increased as the concentration of GC in the diets was increased with significant difference (linear effect, p<0.01) . Laying hens fed 0.5ppm GC diet were significantly (P<0.01) lower in egg shell breaking strength than laying hens fed CON or 1.0 ppm GC diets. Egg shell thickness and yolk color were not influenced by GC supplementation. Laying hens fed 1.0ppm GC diet were h19her in egg yolk Index than laying hens fed CON and 0.5ppm GC diets with significant difference (quadratic effect, p<0.02) . As adding level of germanium colloid increased in the diets, the total serum cholesterol and triglyceride tended to be decreased. However, the effect of GC supplementation did not show significant in the levers of total serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Also, HDL- and LDL+VLDL-cholesterol in serum were not statistically different among the treatments. Red blood cell and white blood cell count in blood tended to be increased as the concentration of GC in the diets was increased with significant difference (P<0.01) . Hematocrit concentration in blood was successfully Increased by supplementation of GC (P<0.01) . In conclusion, although egg quality was not influenced by GC supplementation, supplementing GC Improved Immune status in laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2001

This study conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Korean medical herb residue on egg quality and serum cholesterol of laying hens under heat stress. One hundred forty four, 41 weeks old ISA brown commercial layer, were used in a 28 d growth assay with a 7d adjustment period. Dietary treatments Included 1) Control (basal diet), 2) KMHR1.0 (basal diet+1.0% korean medical herb residue), 2) KMHR2.0 (basal diet+2.0% Korean medical herb residue). For overall Period, laying hens fed KMHR1.0 diet were higher hen-day egg production than laying hens fed Control and KMHR2.0 diets with significant difference (quadratic effect, p<0.01). Egg weight, egg shell breaking strength and egg shell thickness were not influenced by Korean medical herb residue supplementation (P>0.05). As adding level of Korean medical herb residue increased in the diets, yolk color tended to increase, however, the differences failed to reach significance (P>0.05). Also, egg yolk index was not influenced by korean medical herb residue supplementation (P>0.05). Total-, HDL- LDL+VLDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in serum tended to increase as the concentration of Korean medical herb residue in the diets was increased without significant difference (P>0.05). In conclusion, supplementing 1.0% Korean medical herb residue to a corn SBM meal diet for laying hens increased hen-day egg production.