• 대한물리의학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.11-26
• /
• 2018

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the effects of exercise intervention on blood glucose control in obese type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: The PubMed and KERISS search engines were used and 61 papers that met the key questions were selected. RESULTS: Exercise is an effective intervention for the control of blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients because it does not impair glucose transport in the skeletal muscle induced by muscle contractions. Insulin resistance, which is characteristic of type 2 diabetes, is caused by decreased insulin sensitivity or insulin responsiveness. Acute exercise improves the glucose metabolism by increasing the insulin-independent signaling pathways and insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle, and regular long-term exercise improves the skeletal muscle insulin responsiveness and systemic glucose metabolism by increasing the mitochondrial and GLUT4 protein expression in the skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION: The improvement of the glucose metabolism through exercise shows a dose-response pattern, and if exercise consumes the same number of calories, high intensity exercise will be more effective for the glucose metabolism. On the other hand, it is practically difficult for a patient with obese type 2 diabetes to control their blood glucose with high intensity or long-term exercise. Therefore, it will be necessary to study safe adjuvants (cinnamic acid, lithium) that can produce similar effects to high-intensity and high-volume exercises in low-intensity and low-volume exercises.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.522-529
• /
• 2009

To supply safe drinking water to areas lacking in water supply and drainage system, such as rural area and military bases in proximity to Demilitarized Zone, effective method for treating organic contaminants such as MTBE is required. This study focuses on seeking optimal conditions for effective degradation of MTBE using a bath type ultrasound reactor. Effectiveness of MTBE degradation by ultrasound is dependent on the frequency, power, temperature, treatment volume, initial concentration, catalyst, etc. In this study the degradation rate of MTBE by ultrasound was proportional to power/unit volume ratio and removal is relatively more efficient for 0.1 mM than for 1 mM of MTBE solution. Efficiency of ultrasound treatment for 1 mM MTBE solution was enhanced under bath temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ compared to $4^{\circ}C$, but the temperature effect was negligible for 0.1 mM MTBE solution. Also for 0.1 mM MTBE solution, effect of catalyst such as $TiO_2$ and $Fe^0$ on treatment speed was negligible, and zeolite even increases the time taken for the degradation. Under these specific experimental conditions of this study, the most determinant factor for degradation rate of MTBE in solution was frequency and power of ultrasound. The results have shown that a continuous ultrasound reactor system can be used for small scale remediation of organically polluted groundwater, under optimal conditions.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.127-133
• /
• 2006

Aerobic floc-like sludge was formed in a batch reactor and the effect of cations on the formation of aerobic floc-like sludge was studied. In order to enhance the formation (rate) of aerobic floc-like sludge, cations such as $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ were added to the seed sludge. It was found that $Ca^{2+}$ had positive effect on the formation of floc-like sludge, as measured by sludge volume index (SVI) for settle ability. The formation of floc-like sludge was confirmed by the microscopic observation after DAPI staining. The scattered forms of sludge samples at the initial stage became aggregated to form floes after $Ca^{2+}$ addition. To ensure the functions of sludge floes in a treatment plant, the gradient of ionic species around the surfaces of floc-like sludge was monitored by ion selective microelectrodes for ${NH_4}^+,\;{NO_3}^-$, and pH. The effective concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ ion to form floc-like sludge was determined to be 750 mg/L (0.15 mg $Ca^{2+}/mg$ MLSS). Under the effective $Ca^{2+}$ condition, the SVI value was the lowest and large distribution of nitrifying bacteria at the outer surface was observed in the aerobic floc-like sludge. From the results, it was found that the calcium ion functioned as an agent for the formation of aerobic floc-like sludge, resulting in the enhanced nitrification.

• 한국광학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.71-76
• /
• 2013

형광상관분광법을 이용하여 광세기에 따른 공초점 시스템의 유효 초점 부피의 변화를 분석하였다. 형광상관분광장치는 632.8 nm 파장의 He-Ne 레이저에 맞춰서 실험실에서 자체 제작하였고, 시료 또한 레이저 파장에 적합한 두 종류의 시료 AlexaFluor647과 quantum dot 655를 사용하였다. 각 시료에 대해 광원의 세기를 1~50 ${\mu}W$ 범위내에서 변화시켜가며 얻어진 상관함수를 비교 분석하였다. 10 ${\mu}W$ 이하의 약한 광 세기에서는 세기 변화에 따라 입자수와 확산시간이 증가하는 것을 통해 초점 영역의 반지름이 선형적으로 증가하는 결과를 보였다. 반면 10~15 ${\mu}W$ 이상에서는 입자의 수와 확산 시간의 증가율은 감소하였지만 미세하게 계속해서 증가하는 결과를 보였고, 이 결과를 통해 초점영역의 반지름 역시 증가율은 감소하였지만 미세하게 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.754-761
• /
• 2013

Urban floods are usually caused by the lack of drainage capacity. Hence, sewer capacity expansion methodology by replacing small pipes with bigger ones is primarily applied as a flood control measure. However, this approach is often unreasonable because of the costs and time involved. Thus, the installation of underground rainwater storage tanks with the two advantages of flood control and water conservation is proposed. This study compared the effectiveness of flood control by both the sewer expansion methodology and rainwater storage tanks using the Storm Water Management Model. Three cases were simulated in this study. The first case analyzed flood reduction by the storm sewer expansion methodology. The simulation results indicate that the overflow volume from manholes was reduced by 49% with this methodology. The second case analyzed flood reduction by installation of rainwater storage tanks. The simulation results indicate that the overflow volume was reduced by 62%. However, these two cases could not prevent urban floods completely. Hence, the third case analyzed the joint application of the storm sewer expansion methodology and rainwater storage tanks. In this simulation, flooding did not occur. Consequently, the results of this study clearly show that underground rainwater storage tanks are more effective for flood control than capacity expansion of storm sewer. Furthermore, the joint application of these two flood control measures is more effective than their separate application.

• 비파괴검사학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.69-79
• /
• 2001

다수의 이방성 함유체를 포함하는 등방성 무한고체에서 이들 이방성 함유체에 의한 탄성파의 산란문제 해석을 효과적으로 수행할 수 있는 새로은 수치해석 방법으로 체적 적분방정식법을 제시하였다. 체적 적분방정식법에서는 등방성 무한고체에서의 Green 함수만 구할 수 있으면 이방성 함유체에서의 Green 함수를 구하지 않고서도 탄성파 산란문제 해석이 가능해지는 장점이 있다. 이 방법은 임의의 형상을 갖는 다수의 이방성 함유체가 포함된 일반적인 탄성동역학 문제 해석에도 적용이 가능하다. 한 개의 직교이방성 함유체가 등방성 무한기지에 포함된 무한고체에서 직교이방성 함유체에 의한 종과(P파) 및 횡파(SV파) 산란문제 해석을 통하여, 체적 적분방정식법이 일반적인 이방성 함유체가 포함된 무한고체에서의 탄성파 산란문제 해석에 있어 정확하고 효과적인 수치해석 방법임을 입증하였다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
• /
• 제47권9호
• /
• pp.523-532
• /
• 2009

In this study, four API X80 linepipe steel specimens were fabricated with varying cooling rates and finish cooling temperatures, and their microstructures and crystallographic orientations were analyzed to investigate the effects of cooling conditions on their tensile and Charpy impact properties. All the specimens consisted of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and secondary phases such as martensite and martensiteaustenite constituent. The volume fraction of secondary phases increased with increasing cooling rate, and the higher finish cooling temperature resulted in the reduction in volume fraction and grain size of secondary phases. According to the crystallographic orientation analysis data, the effective grain size and unit crack path decreased as fine acicular ferrites having a large amount of high-angle grain boundaries were homogeneously formed, thereby leading to the improvement of Charpy impact properties. The specimen fabricated with the higher cooling rate and lower finish cooling temperature had the highest upper shelf energy and the lowest energy transition temperature because it contained a large amount of fine secondary phases homogeneously distributed inside fine acicular ferrites, while its tensile properties well maintained.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제28권6B호
• /
• pp.627-634
• /
• 2008

개수로의 난류흐름을 VOF(Volume of Fluid)기법을 채용한 RANS(Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes) 방정식 모형을 사용하여 수치모의할 때 벽면함수의 거칠기를 산정하기 위해 고려해야 하는 점들을 연구하였다. 거친 벽면상의 흐름을 위한 벽면함수의 거칠기 상수(roughness constant)는 관수로 흐름의 실험을 통하여 얻어진 값을 사용한다. 그러나 개수로 흐름에서는 이 거칠기 상수가 Froude 수에 따라 변화하므로 이를 고려할 수 있어야 하며, 개수로에서 광범위하게 사용되는 Manning 조도계수에 상응하는 벽면 거칠기 높이(roughness height)를 산정하여 사용할 수 있어야 있다. 본 연구에서는 모형에 입력되는 벽면함수의 거칠기 높이와 Manning 조도계수 사이의 관계를 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 수치모형의 특성이 고려되고 Manning 조도계수의 함수로 표현되는 유효 거칠기 높이 산정식을 제안하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.285-292
• /
• 2005

Anti-reflection film was coated by using spherical silica nano colloids. Silica colloid sol was reserved between two inclined slide glasses by capillary force, and particles were convectively stacked to form a film onto the substrate as the water evaporates. As the sliding speed increased, the thickness of the film decreased and the wavelength at the maximum transmittance decreased. The microstructure observed by SEM showed that silica particles were nearly close packed, which enabled the calculation of the effective refractive index of the film. The film thickness was measured by proffer and calculated from the wavelength of maximum transmittance and the effective refractive index. The effective refractive index of the film could be controlled by a subtle controlling of the coating speed and by mixing two different sized silica particles. When the 100 nm and 50 m particles were mixed at 4:1-5:1 volume ratio, the maximum transmittance of $95.2\%$ for one-sided coating was obtained. This is the one that has increased by $3.8\%$ compared to bare glass substrate, and shows that $99.0\%$ of transmittance or $1.0\%$ of reflectance can be achieved by the simple process if both sides of the substrate are coated.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.3758-3762
• /
• 1975

In order to find out the optimum size of nozzle of the power sprayer in the paddy field, four different sized hole of nozzles were tested on its discharge volume per unit time and its effective covering distance. 1. The discharge rate of each nozzle is proportional to square root of the transmitted internal pressure of liquid, and the discharge coefficient ranges from 0.82 to 0.86 at the pressure of 20 to 30 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$. 2. The effective covering distance is increased as the size of the hole is larded and also the pressure is increased under under the limited pressure. Generally, the effective covering distance is not greatly increased at the pressure of above 25kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The distance from the nozzle to the spot where the largest amount of droplets are dropped is about 14.5m for 3.05mm nozzle and 16m for 4.05mm nozzle in the pressure range from 20 to 25kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$. 3. From the above results it is concluded that the 3mm nozzle with the power sprayers, which are now being supplied to the farmers, can be used for disease and insect control on the paddy field of which block size is 30m${\times}$100m, and operators need not to enter the field for spraying. For the 40m${\times}$100m block, 4mm nozzle should be used with large size of pump which discharge capacity is 60l/min or more.