• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.565-574
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• 2011

The development of satisfactory alternatives for supplying the nutrients needed by crops could decrease the problems associated with conventional NPK chemical fertilizers. In this study, the effects of bacterial and fungal effective microorganisms (EM) on the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) were evaluated. This investigation was carried out parrallel with conventional NPK chemical fertilizer and a commercial sold microbial fertilizer to compare between each of their effect. Sterile water and molasses were served as controls. Azotobacter chroococcum effect also was studied either alone or in combination with the effective microorganisms on the growth parameters. In contrast to the bacterial EM, the fungal EM alone without A. chroococcum had a more stimulating effect than fungal EM combined with A. chroococcum. Results showed that seedling inoculation significantly enhanced B. rapa growth. Shoot dry and fresh weight, and leaf length and width significantly were increased by both bacterial and fungal inoculation. The results indicated that the NPK chemical fertilizer deteriorates the microflora inhabiting the soil, while the effective microorganisms either fungal or bacterial ones increased the microbial density significantly. This study implies that both of fungal and bacterial EM are effective for the improvement of the Chinese cabbage growth and enhance the microorganisms in soil. The results showed antagonism occurred between A. chroococcum and each of Penicillium sp and Trichoderma sp in both agar and plant assays. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Dunnett test.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.795-799
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• 2008

We have studied bioremediation of effective microorganisms on crude oil spill in Taean, west-coast of Korea. Oil contaminated soil samples were collected on December 14, 2007, seven days after the Hebei Spirit oil-spilled accident. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was measured to evaluate the effectiveness of effective microorganisms (EM) which were composed with yeast, photosynthetic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria on oil degradation. TPH concentration before EM treatment was 323.8 mg/kg, whereas TPH concentrations on 2 days after EM treatment and that of control (without EM) was 102.1 mg/kg and 170.6 mg/kg, respectively. On six days after EM treatment TPH was 91.3 mg/kg and that of control was 127.7 mg/kg. Percentages of degraded crude oil were 47.3% without EM and 68.5% with EM, 60.6% without EM and 71.8% with EM on 2 and 6 days after EM treatment, respectively. These results clearly showed that the application of effective microorganisms toward oil-contaminated soil was quite useful to degrade crude oil spill. These results were derived from the effects of biostimulation of microbial media nutrients and bioaugmentation of effective microorganisms. If we carefully apply these effective microorganisms, it can be a useful bioremediation method to recover oil-contaminated marine ecosystems.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2011

Effective Microorganisms (EM), a fermented medium developed by Professor Higa at the University of the Ryukyus, is a mixed culture containing dozens of microorganisms which are beneficial to nature including people, animals, plants and many microbial species in environment. EM is known to contain more than 80 kinds of anaerobic or aerobic microbes including photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, fungi and so on, with yeast, lactic acid bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria as the main species of EM. Antioxidant effect generated by the concert of complex coexistence and coprosperity among these microbes is considered to be the main source of EM benefits. Currently, EM is earning an increasing attention with applications in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, environment and medicine among others. At the same time, however, a quantitative interpretation of EM system based on a mixed culture model needs efforts from biochemical engineers for efficient production and further promotion of EM. In this paper, we describe the functions of major microbes in EM and current researches and applications of EM in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, environment and medicine.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2007

여러가지의 선발된 미생물로 구성된 미생물비료는 토양 개량과 식물 생장 촉진을 위해서 여러 유기물과 결합하여 이용되기도 한다. 미생물 비료를 미생물 비료 단독으로 그리고 도시 가로수 부산물 퇴비, 가금류 분뇨 부산물, 레드클로버와 귀리의 피복작물 등의 유기물과 같이 토양에 처리하여 토양의 화학적 또는 생물학적 특성에 미치는 효과를 측정하였다. 액체상의 미생물 비료를 2년동안 3회 처리하였다. 미생물 비료 단독으로는 pH, K, 유기물 함량에 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 미생물비료의 처리는 2년 가을 모두 가금류 분뇨 부산물을 처리한 토양의 인산 함량을 증가시켰고, 첫해 가을에 퇴비를 처리한 토양의 칼슘함량을 증가시켰으며, 레드클로버를 처리한 토양의 Ca, Mg, 그리고 양이온교환용량을 감소시켰다. 미생물 비료는 레드클로버가 처리된 토양에서 첫 해 7월에 탈수소효소 활성을 증가시켰다. 미생물 비료는 유기물이 처리되지 않은 토양이나 퇴비가 처리된 토양에서 FDA의 가수분해도를 가끔 증가시켰다. 가금류 분뇨 부산물과 레드 클로버가 처리된 토양의 FDA 가수분해도와 가금류 분뇨 부산물이 처리된 토양의 탈수소효소활성은 미생물 비료의 처리로 감소하였다. 한편, 미생물 비료의 처리는 BIOLOG에 의한 토양 미생물 군락의 생리생태적 다양성에는 영향을 미치지 못했다. 따라서 토양의 미생물학적 특성에 미치는 미생물비료의 효과는 같이 투여되는 유기물의 종류에 따라 다양하다고 할 수 있으며, 탈수소효소의 활성은 레드클로버가 처리된 토양에서, 그리고 FDA 가수분해도는 퇴비와 귀리가 처리된 토양에서 가끔 증가했다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2016

Bioremediation is one of the most effective ways to remediate TPH-contaminated sites. However, under actual field conditions that are not at the optimum temperature, degradation of microorganisms is generally reduced, which is why the efficiency of biodegradation is known to be significantly affected by the soil temperature. Therefore, in this study, the labscale experiment was conducted using indigenous crude oil degrading microorganisms isolated from crude oil contaminated site to evaluate the remediation efficiency. Crude oil degrading microorganisms were isolated from crude oil contaminated soil and temperature, which is a significant factor affecting the remediation efficiency of land farming, was adjusted to evaluate the microbial crude oil degrading ability, degradation time, and remediation efficiency. In order to assess the field applicability, the remediation efficiency was evaluated using crude oil contaminated soil (average TPH concentration of 10,000 mg/kg or more) from the OO premises. Followed by the application of microorganisms at 30℃, the bioremediation process reduced its initial TPH concentration of 10,812 mg/kg down to 1,890 mg/kg in 56 days, which was about an 83% remediation efficiency. By analyzing the correlation among the total number of cells, the number of effective cells, and TPH concentration, it was found that the number of effective microorganisms drastically increased during the period from 10 to 20 days while there was a sharp decrease in TPH concentration. Therefore, we confirmed the applicability of land farming with isolated microorganisms consortium to crude oil contaminated site, which is also expected to be applicable to bioremediation of other recalcitrant materials.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.524-535
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop the creative hands-on activities using EM (effective microorganisms) that can enhance the environmental literacy of learners, and to examine the effect of its application. The program was composed of 10 sessions, including biological knowledge and ecosystem status of microorganisms, practical activities that stimulate the environmental behavior and emotion of elementary school students, and career design related to their aptitude and occupation in future. This program can also be connected to the domains of creative hands-on activities, that is, career activities, club activities, self-regulated activities and voluntary service activities. In this study, two classes of 3th grades of elementary school in Seoul were selected and divided into two groups. The experimental group to undergo the program of creative hands-on activities using EM showed higher environmental literacy than the control group. In the concrete, it is proven that this program contributed to the improvement of learners' environmental emotion, skill, and behavior. When interviewed with experimental group, we found that sustained EM hands-on activities were conducted in collaboration with their families, and they became more aware of the utilities of EM and could participate in the activities more interestingly. In conclusion, the creative hands-on activities program was very effective and helped elementary students to change their environmental literacy in positive ways.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1592-1596
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• 2010

To verify the dominance of microorganisms in wastewater biological treatment, PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) was performed as a supplementary support method for screening of the dominant microorganisms from activated sludge. Results suggest that the dominant microorganisms in activated sludge are primarily responsible for strengthening its effectiveness as a biological treatment system, followed by the non-main dominant microorganisms, whereas the non-dominant microorganisms showed no effects. The degree of microbial abundance present on the profile of PCR-DGGE was in line with the treatment efficiency of augmented activated sludge with isolated cultures, suggesting that PCR-DGGE can be used as an effective supplementary method for verifying culturable dominant microorganisms in activated sludge of coking wastewater.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2014

이 연구는 생물의 서식기반 제공 효과가 있는 다공질의 부석 및 포러스 콘크리트와 대사 작용 및 항산화작용에 의해 유기 오염물질을 분해시켜 오염된 하천수의 수질정화 효과가 있는 유용미생물을 동시에 이용하여 장기간 연속흐름시험을 통한 수질정화 특성을 검토하고자 하였다. 특히 기존의 미생물 탈리 등의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 이 연구에서는 16S rDNA 염기서열 분석법에 의해 동정된 유용 미생물을 포러스 콘크리트 제조과정에서 각 단계별로 3차 처리하였으며, 최적의 연속흐름 실험을 위한 농도 및 체류시간별에 따른 기초실험을 통하여 운전조건을 검토하였다. 실험 결과 유용미생물을 적용한 포러스 콘크리트는 수질 및 생물에 대한 독성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 일반 포러스 콘크리트 보다 유용미생물을 적용한 포러스 콘크리트가 우수한 제거효율을 나타내었으며, 150일 이상 큰 변화를 나타내지 않아 장기간 운전이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 이와 같이 유용미생물을 적용한 포러스 콘크리트의 장기간 연속흐름 실험으로 오염물질 처리성능에 대한 검토를 통하여 오염된 수질을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이라고 판단되며, 실험과정 중 나타난 문제점들이 보완된다면 하천에 적용하여 유입되는 비점오염원을 저감시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1258-1267
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• 1997

Corbon dioxide id effective for extending the shelf-life of perishable foods by retarding microbial growth. The overall effect of carbon dioxide is to increase both the lag phase and generation time of microorganisms. However, the role of carbon dioxide in affecting the growth and metabolism of any given microorganisms is not clear yet, although its inhibitory effect is generally found at moderate to high concentrations. Systematic studies of the effects of carbon dioxide on microorganisms are therefore warranted. It is also necessary to understand the role of carbon dioxide in the preservation of foods as well as the control by carbon dioxide of fermentations of biotechnological importance. In this review, the antimicrobial effect of carbon dioxide on microorganisms is investigated in terms of its gas and solution properties, inhibition of microbial growth and specific metabolic processes, perturbation of membrane structure.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.201-212
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• 1999

In use of pesticides in golf courses has been increased steadily. Environmental concern as well as decrease in efficiency led the turfgrass management into an alternate approach of using beneficial microorganism to deal with turfgrass pests. This study was focused on the use of such microorganisms for improving cultural environment and minimizing the use of pesticides. Microorganisms antagonistic to turfgrass diseases were applied to zoysiagrass fairways and creeping bentgrass greens in Yusung country club. Tharch accumulation, disease occurrence, and other cultural environments were compared among the combinations of microorganisms and suppliemental N applications. The application of microorganisms antagonistic to turfgrass diseases improved turf resiliency. Thatch thickness was 3.03cm in the control plot but it was 2.11cm in plots treated by microorganisms, indicating significant effects of microorganism application on reduction of thatch accumulation. Number of microorganism that can decompose of cellulose was higher at the plots treated with useful microbial products and it was considered that existence of higher population of microorganisms resulted in reduction of thatch accumulation. In the evaluation of relationship between thatch accumulation and disease occurrence, greater thatch accumulation was observed at the golf courses which have been frequently infested by large patch. However, the rate of thatch accumulation varied among surveyed golf courses regardless of the year of turf establishment. Therefore, management practice which can be effective for reduction of thatch could result in large patch suppression. The application of microorganisms on the established turfgrasses reduced the occurrence rate of pythium blight and yellow path diseases, whereas occurrence of brown patch and dollar spot increased.