• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1982

The antihypertensive effect of clonidine administered concurrently with labetalol or metoprolol were studied with spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The changes of heart rate were also observed in the same rats. Every drug was orally administered single dose after prechecking the systolic blood pressure and heart rate of SHR. The blood pressure of SHR in concurrently administered group was more significantly decreased than in alone administered group. The effective and stable decrease of blood pressure was maintained at the group of clonidine with labetalol (0.05+50mg/kg) for 9 hours. The group of clonidine with metoprolol (0.05+100mg/kg) manifested more marked decrease of blood pressure than the group of metoprolol (100mg/kg) alone for 9 hours. The diminishing effect of heart rate was enhanced in group of administering clonidine with labetalol, decreasing the dose of labetalol from 50mg/kg via 25mg/kg to 12.5mg/kg. On the other hand, in the group that clonidine was administered concurrently with metoprolol, the diminishing effect of heart rate was decreased with decreasing doses of metoprolol from 100mg/kg via 50mg/kg to 25mg/kg.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.177-180
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• 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to examine whether the effects of acupotomy therapy were beneficial for the treatment of protrusion of lumbar intervertebral disc. Methods: The number of patients (n = 80) were equally assigned into treatment group and control group. Treatment group was given acupotomy therapy twice a week, and control group was given acupuncture 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. The beneficial effect and changes in score of the Japan Orthopedic Association (JOA) for low back pain were observed. Results: Among 40 cases in the treatment group, there were 25 (62.5%) with an excellent effect, 13 (32.5%) with good effect, 1 (2.5%) with a medium effect and 1 (2.5%) with poor effect, with the total experiencing an excellent/good effect of 95.0%. Among 40 cases in the control group, there were 11 (27.5%) with an excellent effect, 17 (42.5%) with good effect, 10 (25.0%) with a medium effect, and 2 (5.0%) with poor effect, with an excellent/good rate of 70.0%. The result of the rank sum test showed Z = -4.923, p < 0.05 in the comparison, indicating a significantly better outcome following acupotomy compared with acupuncture. JOA scores increased in both groups after treatment (p < 0.05), which was more significant in the acupotomy treatment group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Acupotomy therapy has a beneficial effect on protrusion of lumbar intervertebral disc.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.91-110
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of IT group efficacy of small business using B2B e-commerce on organizational performance. First, we conceptualized IT group efficacy, based on theories in regard to group efficacy, absorptive capacity, and electronic information sharing. And then we examine that IT group efficacy of small business setting up IS and performing B2B e-commerce increases absorptive capacity and electronic information sharing, and ultimately improves organizational performance. The result is that IT group efficacy has a significant positive effect on absorptive capacity, but doesn't have a significant positive effect on electronic information sharing. Also absorptive capacity has a significant positive effect on electronic information sharing and organizational performance, and electronic information sharing has a significant positive effect on organizational performance. Finally, we discuss about the limits and directions as well as the results and implications of this study.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.263-274
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to find out effect of problem solving by mental demand of items and chunking level of problem solver on the item. The principal findings of study were as follows ; 1) According to increase of mental demand of items. students' achievement score appeared to decrease and the more mental demand an item needed. the higher or at least the same hierarchical item was. These results showed that mental demand of item was main factor which decided difficulties of problem solving. 2) Though items have the same mental demand. students' achievement score were different between balance beam task and 2nd law task (achievement score of balance beam task < achievement score of 2nd law task). 3) Achievement score of LM group who used chunked knowledge to solve balance beam task were higher than non LM group who used non chunked knowledge. 4) The level of chunked knowledge was different between two tasks when non LM group solved items of two tasks. On the other hand, LM group used the same level of chunked knowledge to solve items of two tasks. 5) Achievement score of non LM group was the same between items of two tasks after treatment due to chunking effect by treatment. But achievement score of LM group didn't change before and after treatment. The chunking effect by treatment had an effect on non LM group, but it was not on LM group.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the canal preparation time, deviation of the apex (Zipping), and debridement effect of the canal of three canal preparation techniques. Thirty extracted 1st and 2nd molars were divided into 3 groups and each group was enlarged by ultrasonic, sonic or hand instrument. The specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope and light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In the canal preparation time, ultrasonic group was the shortest, followed by sonic, hand group. All pairs of groups were significantly different at the 0.05 level. (P < 0.05) 2. In the deviation of the canal, no two groups were significantly different at the 0.05 level. (P > 0.05) 3. In the evaluation of debris scores, ultrasonic and sonic groups were better debridement effect than hand group in the fine canals. In the large canals, ultrasonic group was the best results, followed by sonic, hand group. 4. In the evaluation of smear layer scores, ultrasonic group was the best and sonic and hand group were same effect in the fine canals. In the large canals, three groups were same effect. 5. In the effect of the removal of predentin and pulpal debris, in the regardless of canal size, three groups were same and pulpal debris was not completely removed by either technique.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.273-286
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• 2020

The pile group foundation is widely used for gravity pier of high-speed railway bridges in China. If a moderate or strong earthquake occurs, the pile-surrounding soil will exhibit obvious nonlinearity and significant pile group effect. In this study, an improved pushover analysis model for the pile group foundation with consideration of pile group effect is presented and validated by the quasi-static test. The improved model uses simplified springs to simulate the soil lateral resistance, side friction and tip resistance. PM (axial load-bending moment) plastic hinge model is introduced to simulate the impact of the axial force changing of pile group on their elastic-plastic characteristics. The pile group effect is considered in stress-stain relations of the lateral soil resistance with a reduction factor. The influence factors on nonlinear characteristics and plastic hinge distribution of the pile group foundation are discussed, including the pier height, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and stirrup ratio of the pile, and soil mechanical parameters. Furthermore, the displacement ductility factor, resistance increase factor and yielding stiffness ratio are provided to evaluate the seismic performance of soil-pile system. A case study for the pile group foundation of a railway simply supported beam bridge with a 32 m-span is conducted by numerical analysis. It is shown that the ultimate lateral force of pile group is not determined by the yielding force of the single one in these piles. Therefore, the pile group effect is essential for the seismic performance evaluation of the railway bridge with pile group foundation.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.417-425
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the whitening effect of Angelicae dahuricae Radix water extract (ADWE) by its application on artificial tanning spots which were induced by 1,500 $mJ/cm^2$ of UVB radiation on the backs of brown guinea pigs weighing approximately 450~500 g. Thirty ${\mu}l$ of ADWE, at each application, were applied twice a day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks to the guinea pigs. The artificial tanning spots were divided into 3 groups which were vehicle control group [propylene glycol: ethanol: water (5:3:2)], positive control group (2% hydroquinone) and experimental group (2% ADWE). The visible whitening effect and changes in melanin index were evaluated once a week. On completion of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed under anesthetization, and the artificial tanning spots were excised by biopsy punch and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) to observe histological change and also stained with Fontana-Masson's silver (F-M) and S-100 to observe melanin pigmentation and melanocytes. In the gross observation, the experimental group showed higher pigmentation than the positive control group but lower pigmentation than the vehicle control group. Histological observation confirmed that ADWE had a positive whitening effect by showing a lower distribution of melanin and melanocytes in the epidermis of experimental group than in the vehicle control group.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.33-38
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• 2016

Objectives : To identify potential correlation between patients' expectations and clinical outcome in a randomized control study of acupuncture. Methods : In a clinical trial of acupuncture for hypertension, 60 participants with pre and mild hypertension were randomized into an acupuncture group and a control group. After randomization, all participants were asked to rate their expectation for the intervention on a scale of 0 to 10. To analyze the effect of expectation on clinical outcome, change of blood pressure was compared between high and low expectation groups. Results : There was no significant difference of baseline blood pressure between low expectation group and high expectation group. Proportion of acupuncture group and control group was also not different between low and high expectation groups (p = 0.638). The change of systolic blood pressure was -1.55 mmHg in low expectation group and -3.07 mmHg in high expectation group, and it was not significantly different (p = 0.54). There was no significant difference in the change of diastolic blood pressure between two groups (p = 0.58), with -3.24 mmHg in low expectation group and -2.34 mmHg in high expectation group. Conclusion : In this study, the expectation of intervention (including acupuncture treatment) was not associated with the effect of intervention.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2010

Objectives This study was performed to figure out the effects of I-razin in overweight children without any exercise or specific diet. Methods Twenty-eight children those who were diagnosed overweight have been recruited. They were randomly assigned treatment or control group under block randomization. Treatment group were treated with I-razin for 8 weeks, and control group were treated with placebo medication under same conditions. Anthropometry, fat computed tomography and blood test have been done before and after the treatment. Results Eleven subjects in treatment group and seventeen in control group were evaluated. BMI, waist circumference, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were decreased in the treatment group. And reduction of BMI, glucose, and triglyceride in the treatment group were greater than control group. But there was no statistically significance. No side effects have been notice during the study period and no adverse effect on liver has been observed. Conclusion This study could not demonstrate effect of I-razin compared with control group. However, treatment group has a tendency of weight loss without side effect. Additional studies with large population are thought to be necessary to clarify the effect of I-razin.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Information Technology Applications Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.125-135
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• 2002

With rapid growth and competition of electronic commerce through internet, various buying types and business models are being appeared In this paper, we studied group buying which is new business model to consumer and factors affecting on trust and participation of group buying. The following are the regression result of this study. First, factors affecting on trust of group buying were different from factors affecting on participation of group buying. Second, perceived reputation factor, familiarity factor and product value factor made a significant effect on participation of group buying. Third customer service factor didn't make a significant effect on both participation and trust of group buying. Fourth, product value factor made a significant effect on both participation and trust of group buying. Fifth trust of group buying made a significant effect on participation of group buying