• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제6권10호
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• pp.2601-2619
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• 2012

A differencing multiuser detection (MUD) method is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) direct sequence (DS) ultra-wideband (UWB) system to cope with the multiple access interference (MAI) and the computational efficiency in Nakagami fading channel. The method, which combines a multiuser-interference-cancellation-based decision feedback equalizer using error feedback filter (MIC DFE-EFF), a coefficient optimization algorithm (COA) and a differencing algorithm (DA), is termed as MIC DFE-EFF (COA) with DA for short. In the paper, the proposed MUD method is illuminated from the rudimental MIC DFE-EFF to the advanced MIC DFE-EFF (COA) with DA step by step. Firstly, the MIC DFE-EFF system performance is analyzed by minimum mean square error criterion. Secondly, the COA is investigated for optimization of each filter coefficient. Finally, the DA is introduced to reduce the computational complexity while sacrificing little performance. Simulations show a significant performance gain can be achieved by using the MIC DFE-EFF (COA) with DA detector. The proposed MIC DFE-EFF (COA) with DA improves both bit error rate performance and computational efficiency relative to DFE, DFE-EFF, parallel interference cancellation (PIC), MIC DFE-EFF and MIC DFE-EFF with DA, though it sacrifices little system performance, compared with MIC DFE-EFF (COA) without DA.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제28A권9호
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• pp.752-760
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• 1991

The computer aided analysis is performed to investigate the influence of physical parameters (thickness and doping concentration, etc.) in the window, emitter, base on the efficiency characteristics of a uniformly doped hetroface cell. A field aided heteroface cell is newly designed on a basis of optimum data obtained from the theoretical analysis. The field aided heteroface cell fabricated using MOCVD exhibits a total/active area conversion efficiency of EFF. (tot) = 18.9% /EFF. (act.) = 21.4% under the natural incident light of 56.2 mW/cm\ulcorner having a low series resistance of Rs = 0.94 \ulcornercm\ulcornerand a high spectral response of S.R. (ext) > 90% in a range of $7700{\AA}$ < $8500{\AA}$.

• 천문학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.129-149
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• 1991

An attempt has been made to examine the characteristics of acoustic and MHD waves generated in stellar convection zones($4000\;K\;{\leq}\;T_{eff}\;{\leq}\;7000\;K$, $3\;{\leq}\;\log\;g\;{\leq}\;4.5$). With the use of wave generation theories formulated for acoustic waves by Stein (1967), for MHD body waves by Musielak and Rosner (1987, 1988) and for MHD tube waves by Musielak et al.(l989a, 1989b), the energy fluxes are calculated and their dependence on effective temperature, surface gravity and megnetic field strength are analyzed by optimization techniques. In computing magneto-convection models, the effect of magnetic fields on the efficiency of convection has been taking into account by extrapolating it from Yun's sunspot models(1968; 1970). Our study shows that acoustic wave fluxes are dominant in F and G stars, while the MHD waves dominant in K and M stars, and that the MHD wave fluxes vary as $T_{eff}^4{\sim}T_{eff}^7$ in contrast to the acoustic fluxes, as $T_{eff}^{10}$. The gravity dependence, on the other hand, is found to be relatively weak; the acoustic wave fluxes ${\varpropto}\;g^{-0.5}$, the longitudinal tube wave fluxes ${\varpropto}\;g^{0.3}$ and the transverse tube wave fluxes ${\varpropto}\;g^{0.3}$. In the case of the MHD body waves their gravity dependence is found to be nearly negligible. Finally we assesed the computed energy fluxes by comparing them with the observed fluxes $F_{ob}$ of CIV(${\lambda}1549$) lines and soft X-rays for selected main sequence stars. When we scaled the corrected wave fluxes down to $F_{ob}$, it is found that these slopes are almost in line with each other.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2006

Hydrogen permeation measurements have been carried out on API X65 grade linepipe steel. In order to study the effect of steel microstructure on hydrogen diffusion behavior in linepipe steel, the accelerated cooling condition was applied and then three different kinds of microstructures were obtained. Hydrogen permeation measurement has been performed in reference to modified ISO17081 (2004) and ZIS Z3113 method. Hydrogen trapping parameters in these steels were evaluated in terms of the effective diffusivity ($D_{eff}$), permeability ($J_{ss}L$) and the amount of diffusible hydrogen. In this study, microstructures which affect both hydrogen trapping and diffusion were degenerated pearlite (DP), acicular ferrite (AF), bainite and martensite/austenite constituents (MA). The low $D_{eff}$ and $J_{ss}L$ mean that more hydrogen can be trapped reversibly or irreversibly and the corresponding steel microstructure is dominant hydrogen trapping site. The large amount of diffusible hydrogen means that corresponding steel microstructure is predominantly reversible. The results of this study suggest that the hydrogen trapping efficiency increases in the order of DP, bainite and AF, while AF is the most efficient reversible trap.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2020

We studied the change of photovoltaic properties of a flexible CuIn_xGa(_1-x)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cell fabricated on polyimide by mechanical bending with curvature radii of 75 mm (75R) and 20 mm (20R). The flexible CIGS cells were flattened on a PET film, then placed and forced against the surface of a curved block fabricated with pre-designed curvatures. Both up (compressive) and down (tensile) bending were applied to a specimen of CIGS on PET with curvatures of 75R and 20R for 10,000 times and 2,000 times, respectively. From J-V measurements, we found that the conversion efficiency (Eff.) was reduced by 3% and 4% for up-and down-bending, respectively, at curvature 75R; it was greatly reduced by 15% for curvature 20R in the up-bending. However, the open circuit voltage (V_oc) and short-circuit current density (J_sc) seemed to change little, within 3%, for the applied mechanical stresses. The degradation in Eff. resulted from the deterioration of the series (R_s) and shunt (R_sh) resistances of the solar cell.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2016

Purpose: It is difficult to calculate frame U-value because of the two reason. First is selection of air properties in cavity. Second is calculation method in window frame. For this reason, it is important to decide cavity properties in window frame. However, international standards offered different method(ISO 15099, ISO 10077) and air properties was changed according to the two methods. The aim of this study was to suggest method for deriving accurate frame U-value using international standard methods and CFD simulation. Method: First, this study conducted analysis calculation method of ISO 15099 and ISO 10077. And, CFD simulation conducted based on same condition. Finally, ISO calculation and CFD simulation results were verified through comparison with real experiment results. Result: The results show that effective conductivity of ISO 15099 was the highest value. ISO 10077 and CFD result followed. The convergent values of ISO 10077 was the highest. ISO 15099 and CFD followed. ISO calculation reflecting CFD simulation results will reduce error with experimental results.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.8
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• pp.142-143
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• 2007

현재 양산용 태앙전지 제조에 가장 널리 쓰이는 전극형성 기술인 Screen printing 기법은 진공 증착법과 무전해 도금에 의한 방법과, 비교할 때 공정장비가 간단하고 자동화에 적합하여 70 년대 이후로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 본 실험에서는 Screen printing기법과 Porous Si을 이용한 양산형 실리콘 태양전지를 제작하여 그 특성을 평가하였으며 13.2%의 변환효율을 나타내었다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2002

To meet stringent LEV and ULEV emission standards, a considerable amount of development work was necessary to ensure suitable efficiency and durability of catalyst systems. The main challenge is to cut off the engine cold-start emissions. It is known that up to 80% of the total hydrocarbons(THC) are exhausted within the first five minutes in case of US FTP 75 cycle. Close-Coupled Catalyst(CCC) provides fast light-off temperature by utilizing the energy in the exhaust gas. However, if some malfunction occurred at engine operation and the catalyst temperature exceeds 1050$\^{C}$, the catalytic converter is deactivated and shows the poor conversion efficiency. This paper presents effEcts of engine operating conditions on catalytic converter temperature in a SI engine, which are the indications of catalytic deactivation. Exhaust gas temperature and catalyst temperature were measured as a function of air/fuel ratio, ignition timing and misfire rates. Additionally, light-off time was measured to investigate the effect of operating conditions. It was found that ignition retard and misfire can result in the deactivation of the catalytic converter, which eventually leads the drastic thermal aging of the converter. Significant reduction in light-off time can be achieved with proper control of ignition retard and misfire, which can reduce cold-start HC emissions as well.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.21
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• pp.454-455
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• 2008

태양전지의 효율은 실리콘 자체의 특성에 의해서 결정 되거나 완성된 실리콘을 통해 태양전지를 제조하는 과정에서 웨이퍼의 두께와 도핑 농도의 조절을 통해 효율을 변화 시킬 수 있다. 높은 효율을 갖는 태양전지 설계를 위해 태양전지 시뮬레이터인 AFOS HET 프로그램을 이용하여 태양전지 웨이퍼 두께와 acceptor의 도핑 농도를 조절하였다. 최적화 결과 80nm ZnO, $300{\mu}m$ c-Si(p), 1nm a-Si(i), 1nm a-Si(n), $1{\mu}m$ Ag, acceptor의 도핑 농도 $7\times10^{16}cm^{-3}$ 에서 $V_{oc}$=697.7mV, $J_{sc}$=42.15mA/$cm^2$, $P_{max}$=0.0247W/$cm^2$, FF=83.51%, Eff=24.56%의 고효율을 얻을 수 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 태양전지 설계나 제조 시에 연구비를 절감할 수 있고 높은 효율의 태양전지로 접근할 수 있다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1311-1316
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• 2007

To develop photo-sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) used in harvesting sunlight and transferring solar energy into electricity, we synthesize novel Ru(II) polypyridyl dyes and describe their characterization. We also investigate the photo-electrochemical properties of DSCs using these sensitizers. New dyes contain chromophore unit of dafo (4,5-diazafluoren-9-one) or phen-dione (1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) instead of the nonchromophoric donor unit of thiocyanato ligand in cis-[RuII(dcbpy)2(NCS)2] (dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy- 2,2'-bipyridine) coded as N3 dye. For example, the photovoltaic data of DSCs using [RuII(dcbpy)2(dafo)](CN)2 as a sensitizer show 6.85 mA/cm2, 0.70 V, 0.58 and 2.82% in short-circuit current (Jsc ), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (Eff), which can be compared with those of 7.90 mA/ cm2, 0.70 V, 0.53 and 3.03% for N3 dye. With the same chelating ligand directly bonded to the Ru metal in the complex, the CN ligand increases the Jsc value by double, compared to the SCN ligand. The extra binding ability in these new dyes makes them more resistant against ligand loss and photo-induced isomerization within octahedral geometry.