• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.265-274
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• 1997

All landscapes are mosaics of habitat patches of different types. Therefore, there are always edged between habitat patches in a landscape. Forest animal has an important role in vegetation development and maintenance by seed dispersal around forest. Movement of animals depends on the spatially heterogeneous structure and pattern of vegetation landscapes because each animal has special habitats in a landscape. Especially, forast edge with high permeability and prey density is one of the important habitats to the animals. Therefore, understanding the ecological characteristics of the forest edges as a corridor connecting mosaic vegetation patches is necessa교 새 establish the strategies for the nature conservation and sustainable vegetation management. Under this idea, we examined the animal influenced on pine seeds as one of the method of monitoring the animal activity in mosaic vegetation. Man-made mosaic vegetations including open, edge and inner forests were carefully selected in the rural landscape. We carried out predation test on pine seeds during one year. A result was that damages on seed was more significant at forest edge than inner and open forest. Pine seed on seedbeds was mainly attacked by squirrels and mice than birds. Pine seed was damaged by squirrels in different types of vegetation by seasons. Rate of seed predation at forest edge was, in special, higher than that of other sites. According to this results, it is suggested that the relationship between animal behavior and spatial vegetation structure relating to human impact such as the distance from settlement to vegetation appeares to be in the rural vegetation landscape.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.146-150
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• 2000

Step edge Josephson junctions in c-axis oriented $YBa_2Cu_3O_7$ films were fabricated on $CeO_2$ buffered sapphire substrates. The step angle was controlled in the wide range of $20^{\circ}\sim75^{\circ}$ by the Ar ion milling technique. I-V curves of junction fabricated on the thickness ratio of $\sim$0.8 and the step angle of $35^{\circ}$ were exhibited RSJ-like behavior with $I_CR_N$ product of $\sim250{\mu}A$ and critical current density of $\sim2\times10^4A/cm^2$ at 77 K. Critical current of step edge junction was increased linearly with decreasing temperature but the normal resistance was almost constant. Total samples of step edge Josephson junction was satisfied a scaling behavior of $I_CR_N{\propto}(J_C)^{0.5}$.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 1979

The use of barley seeder attached to rotary tiller in the rural area has a significant meaning not only for the solution of labor peak season, but also for the increase of land utilization efficiency. The facts that presently being used barley seeders are all based on the mechanical principles of the reverse rotation, center drive and are all using forward rotating tine, which is used to be easily and heavily worn out when it rotates reversely, raise problem of recommending them to rural area in Korea. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to develop new type of rotary tine attachable to barley seeders. To attain the objective the following approaches were applied. (1) The kinematic analysis of reverse rotating barley seeders. (2) The studies on the soil bin and artificial soil. (3) The comparative experiment on the power requirement of prototype tine. The results obtained from the studies are summarized as follow: 1. The kinematic analysis of barley seeder attached to rotary tiller: The following results were obtained from the kinematic analysis for deriving general formulae of the motion and velocity characterizing the rotary tine of barley seeders presently being used by farmers. a) The position vector (P) of edge point (P) in the rotary tine of reverse rotating, center drive was obtained by the following formula. $$P=(vt+Rcos wt)i+Rsin wt j+ \{ Rcos \theta r sin \alpha cos (wt- \beta +\theta r) +Rsin \theta r sin \alpha sin (wt-\beta + \theta r) \} lk $$ b) The velocity of edge point $(P^')$ of reverse rotating, center drive rotary tine was obtained by the following formula. $$(P^')=(V-wR sin wt)i+(w\cdot Rcoswt)j + \{ -w\cdot Rcos \theta r\cdot sin \alpha \cdot sin (wt-\beta +\theta r) + w\cdot Rsin \theta r\cdot sin \alpha \cdot cos (wt- \beta + \theta r \} k $$ c) In order to reduce the power requirement of rotary tine, the angle between holder and edge point was desired to be reduced. d) In order to reduce the power requirement, the edge point of rotary tine should be moved from the angle at the begining of cutting to center line of machine, and the additional cutting width should be also reduced. 2. The studies on the soil bin and artificial soil: In order to measure the power requirement of various cutting tines under the same physical condition of soil, the indoor experiments Viere conducted by filling soil bin with artificially made soil similar to the common paddy soil and the results were as follows: a) When the rolling frequencies$(x)$ of the artificial soil were increased, the densIty$(Y)$ was also increased as follows: $$y=1.073200 +0.070780x - 0.002263x^2 (g/cm^3)$$ b) The absolute hardness $(Y)$ of soil had following relationship with the rolling frequencies$(x)$ and were increased as the rolling frequencies were increased. $$Y=37.74 - \frac {0.64 + 0.17x-0. 0054x^2} {(3.36-0.17x + 0.0054x^2)^3} (kg/cm^3)$$ c) The density of soil had significant effect on the cohesion and angle of internal friction of soil. For instance, the soil with density of 1.6 to 1.75 had equivalent density of sandy loam soil with 29.5% of natural soil moisture content. d) The coefficient of kinetiic friction of iron plate on artificial soil was 0.31 to 0.41 and was comparable with that of the natural soil. e) When the pulling speed of soil bin was the 2nd forward speed of power tiller, the rpm of driving shaft of rotary was similar to that of power tiller, soil bin apparatus is indicating the good indoor tester. 3. The comparative experiment on the power requirement of prototype tine of reverse rotating rotary: According to the preliminary test of rotary tine developed with various degrees of angle between holder and edge pcint due to the kinematic analysis, comparative test between prototype rotary tine with $30 ^\circ $ and $10 ^\circ$ of it and presently being used rotary tine was carried out 2nd the results were as follows: a) The total cutting torque was low when the angle between holder and edge point was reduced. b) $\theta r$ (angle between holder and edge point) of rotary tine seemed to be one: of the factors maximizing the increase of torque. c) As the angle between holder and edge point ($\theta r$) of rotary tine was $30 ^\circ $ rather than $45 ^\circ $, the angle of rotation during cutting soil was reduced and the total cutting torque was accordingly reduced about 10%, and the reduction efficiency of total cutting torque was low when the angle between holder and edge point ($\theta r$) of rotary tine was $10 ^\circ $, which indicates that the proper angle between holder and edge point of rotary tine should be larger than $10 ^\circ $ and smaller than $30 ^\circ $ . From above results, it could be concluded that the use of the prototype rotary tine which reduced the angle between holder and edge point to $30 ^\circ $, insted of $45 ^\circ $, is disirable not only decreasing the power requirements, but also increasing the durabie hour of it. Also forward researches are needed, WIlich determine the optimum tilted angle of rotary brocket, and rearrangement of the rotary tine on the rotary boss.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.429-434
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 모서리 경계조건을 만족하는 접지된 2개의 유전체층 위의 완전도체띠 격자구조에 의한 TM(Transverse Magnetic) 산란 문제를 수치해석 방법인 FGMM (Fourier Galerkin Moment Method)를 이용하여 해석하였다. TM 산란에 대하여 도체띠에 유도되는 표면 전류밀도는 스트립 양 끝에서 매우 큰 값이 예측되므로, 이때 도체띠에 유도되는 표면 전류밀도는 1종 Chebyshev 다항식과 적절한 모서리 경계조건을 만족하는 함수의 곱의 급수로 전개하였다. 전반적으로, 접지평면 위에 유전체층의 비유전율의 값이 증가하면, 반사전력의 급변점에 대한 스트립 폭은 더 큰 값으로 이동하였다. 수치결과들은 기존 논문들과 비교하여 급속한 수렴해와 좋은 일치를 보였다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.861-868
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• 2017

도핑 되지 않은 반 절연 LEC GaAs내의 EL2와 얕은 준위 분포를 영상화하기 위해 대역단 적외선 영상 기법을 활용했다. 대역단 적외선 투사 매핑에 근거한 본 기법은 분석 속도가 빠르고 비파괴적인 방법이다. EL2 흡수 영상이 콘트라스트 반전되는 대역단 부근에 대한 정량적인 해석은 아직 보고되지 않고 있다. 본 논문은 대역단 부근에서 영상의 특정 부분(cell, wall)에 대한 포토퀀칭 메커니즘의 스펙트럼-, 공간- 및 온도- 종속성을 논하고 있다. 결함 부분별(EL2w, EL2b)로 포토퀀칭 개시점이 다른 것은 불순물 종류의 차이로 인한 서로 다른 전기적 작용에 기인한 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 전위(dislocation) 밀도가 높은 곳에서는 EL2b 밀도는 약간 적은 반면 EL2w 밀도는 보다 많다는 것을 정량적 해석으로부터 확인 했다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.92-98
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• 2002

Pb(Zr$_{0.8}$Ti$_{0.2}$)O$_3$강유전체 음극의 상부 전극 크기를 변화시키며(500$mu extrm{m}$~900$\mu\textrm{m}$)비대칭 전극 구조에서의 전자 방출에 대하여 연구하였다. 펄스 전기장을 가했을 때 나타나는 분극 반전에 의한 전류 밀도는 상부 전극 크기를 감소시킴에 따라 증가하였다. 이것은 비대팅 전극 구조에 의해 강유전체 표면에서 stray-field가 발생하고, stray field가 전극의 모서리 부근의 강유전체 표면 하부에도 분극 반전을 발생시켰기 때문이다. 전기장 전산모사를 통하여 이러한 stay-field의 존재 가능성을 예측할 수 있었고, 분극 반전에 의한 전류 밀도 측정 결과 stray-field가 미치는 거리는 약 11-l4$\mu\textrm{m}$이었다. 전자방출의 문턱전계는 항전계 의 약 3배인 61-68kV/cm이었으며, 문턱전계가 단순히 강유전체의 항전계에 의해 결정되는 것이 아니라, 강유전 음극의 구조에 의해 결정되는 stray-field의 세기와 stray-field가 미치는 거리에 영향을 받음을 전산모사를 통해 예측할 수 있었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1715-1720
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• 2013

Background: The discovery that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate proliferation, invasion and metastasis provides a principal molecular basis of tumor heterogeneity. Microvessel distribution is an important characteristic of solid tumors, with significant hypoxia occurring in the center of tumors with low blood flow. The distribution of miR-374a in breast tumors was examined as a factor likely to be important in breast cancer progression. Methods: Breast tissue samples from 40 patients with breast cancer were classified into two groups: a highly invasive and metastatic group (HIMG) and a low-invasive and metastatic Group (LIMG). Samples were collected from the center and edge of each tumor. In each group, six specimens were examined by microRNA array, and the remaining 14 specimens were used for real-time RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Correlation analysis was performed for the miRNAs and target proteins. Follow-up was carried out during 28 months to 68 months after surgery, and survival data were analyzed. Results: In the LIMG, the relative content of miR-374a was lower in the center of the tumor than at its edge; in the HIMG, it was lower at the edge of the tumor, and miR-374a levels were lower in breast cancer tissues than in normal tissues. There was no difference between VEGF-A and VCAM-1 mRNA levels at the edge and center of the tumor; however, we observed a significant difference between VEGF-A and VCAM-1 protein expression levels in these two regions. There was a negative correlation between miR-374a and target protein levels. The microvessel density (MVD) was lower in the center of the tumor than at its edge in HIMG, but the LIMG vessels were uniformly distributed. There was a significant positive correlation between MVD and the number of lymph node metastases (Pearson correlation, r=0.912, P<0.01). The median follow-up time was 48.5 months. LIMG had higher rate of disease-free survival (100%, P=0.013) and longer median survival time (66 months) than HIMG, which had a lower rate of 75% and shorter median survival time (54 months). Conclusions: Our data demonstrated miR-374a to be differentially distributed in breast cancer; VEGF-A and VCAM-1 mRNA had coincident distribution, and the distribution of teh respective proteins was uneven and opposite to that for the miR-374a. These data might explain the differences in the distribution of MVD in breast cancer and variation in breast cancer prognosis.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.961-966
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• 2012

고유가 시대를 맞아 에너지 절약이 사회적으로 이슈화됨에 따라 진공유리에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 진공유리 개발을 위한 핵심 공정 중 유리모서리 접합공정은 두 장의 유리 사이를 진공으로 유지하기 위해 높은 신뢰도를 요한다. 본 논문에서는 유리 모서리 접합 시 기존 프릿을 이용하여 접합하는 방법과 달리 고밀도열원인 수소혼합가스를 이용하여 모서리를 접합하는 공정을 제시하였다. 또한 유리의 파손 및 변형방지를 위해 전기로내의 분위기 온도를 설정하고 균일도를 측정하였다. 기초시험을 통해 모서리접합 공정변수를 설정하고 공정변수에 따른 유리 모서리 접합부 면적과의 수학적관계식을 다중회귀분석으로 도출하였다.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2006

회화적 렌더링은 주어진 영상을 가지고 사람이 직접 그린 듯 한 회화적 느낌을 표현하는 것이다. 이러한 회화적 느낌을 표현하기 위한 요소에는 브러시의 굵기, 방향, 질감, 그리고 생성된 브러시가 캔버스에 그려질지 판단하는 기준설정 등이 있다. 본 논문에서는 에지 밀도를 이용해 브러시가 캔버스에 그려질 조건을 설정하는 알고리즘을 제시한다. 에지밀도란 일정 영영에서의 에지의 양을 나타낸다. 기존의 색 차이만을 고려하던 그려질 조건에 에지밀도정보를 추가로 적용하여 대상과 배경을 분리하여 세밀함과 추상함을 동시에 표현할 수 있다. 이와 함께 정적 격자 단위로 그려질 위치를 찾는 것이 아닌 동적 격자 단위로 찾아가는 방법을 사용한다. 그리고 방향 보간을 통한 일관된 브러시의 방향설정을 하고 텍스처를 이용한 사실적인 브러시의 질감표현을 한다. 위의 과정들을 통해 좀 더 사람이 그린것과 같은 오일 페인팅(oil painting) 효과를 얻을 수 있다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 1987

북한산국립공원의 등산로훼손 및 등산로주변식생변화를 조사하기 위하여 북한산지구를 대상으로 1987년 8월에 실측조사를 실시하였다. 등산로훼손은 이용강도가 높은 우이동계곡과 정능계곡간 등산로 7.18km 구간을 조사했다. 식생 변화는 등산로 경계부에서 임내로 벨트-트란 섹트를 설치하여 매목조사를 하였고, 주변부식생은 등산로경계부를 따라 벨트를 설치해서 출현종을 조사하였다. 등산로 훼손량과 이용강도는 직접적 상관관계가 없었다. 훼손등급 II등급구간은 23.9%, III등급구간은 8.0%로 나타났으며, 자연등산로 II, III등급구간(19.7%)이 시설등산로 II, III등급구간(12.3%)보다 많게 나타났다. 북한산지역 주요등산로 15.3km중 보수정비가 필요한 등산로 II등급구간은 3.6km, III등급구간은 1.27km로 추정되었다. 등산객의 직접적 간섭이 없었던 등산로 주변 식생변화는 6-8m 구간까지 나타났으며, 등산로의 간섭이 있었던 등산로주변식생변화는 토양경도변화와 일치하지 않고 않았고 국지적으로 다르게 나타났다. 능선부 등산로 주연부식생으로서 Remkiaer 빈도계급 E계급수종은 신갈나무, 참싸리, 진달래, D계급수종은 병꽃나무, 조록싸리, 철쭉, 팥배나무이었으며, 중복등산로에서는 신갈나무가 E계급으로, 진달래, 참싸기, 국수나무가 D계급수종으로 출현했다. 계곡부에서는 진달래, 조록싸리, 국수나무가 D계급수종으로 출현했으며 자동차도로 옆 계곡부에서는 참싸리, 조록싸리, 국수나무가 D계급수종으로 나타났다.