• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.507-516
• /
• 2018

The closed chamber method, which is one of the most commonly used method for measuring greenhouse gases produced in rice paddy fields, has limitations in measuring dynamic $CH_4$ flux with spatio-temporal constrains. In order to deal with the limitation of the closed chamber method, some studies based on open-path of eddy covariance method have been actively conducted recently. The aim of this study was to compare the $CH_4$ fluxes measured by open-path and closed chamber method in the paddy rice fields. The open-path, one of the gas ($CO_2$, $CH_4$ etc.) analysis methods, is technology where a laser beam is emitted from the source passes through the open cell, reflecting multiple times from the two mirrors, and then detecting. The $CH_4$ emission patterns by these two methods during rice cultivation season were similar, but the total $CH_4$ emission measured by open-path method were 31% less than of the amount measured by closed chamber. The reason for the difference in $CH_4$ emission was due to overestimation by closed chamber and underestimation by open-path. The closed chamber method can overestimate $CH_4$ emissions due to environmental changes caused by high temperature and light interruption by acrylic partition in chamber. On the other hand, the open-path method for eddy covariance can underestimate its emission because it assumes density fluctuations and horizontal homogeneous terrain negligible However, comparing $CH_4$ fluxes at the same sampling time (AM 10:30-11:00, 30-min fluxes) showed good agreements ($r^2=0.9064$). The open-path measurement technique is expected to be a good way to compensate for the disadvantage of the closed chamber method because it can monitor dynamic $CH_4$ fluctuation even if data loss is taken into account.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 2015

$CH_4$ is a trace gas and one of the key greenhouse gases, which requires continuous and systematic monitoring. The application of eddy covariance technique for $CH_4$ flux measurement requires a fast-response, laser-based spectroscopy. The eddy covariance measurements have been used to monitor $CO_2$ fluxes and their data processing procedures have been standardized and well documented. However, such processes for $CH_4$ fluxes are still lacking. In this note, we report the first measurement of $CH_4$ flux in a rice paddy by employing the eddy covariance technique with a recently commercialized wavelength modulation spectroscopy. $CH_4$ fluxes were measured for five consecutive days before and after the rice transplanting at the Gimje flux monitoring site in 2012. The commercially available $EddyPro^{TM}$ program was used to process these data, following the KoFlux protocol for data-processing. In this process, we quantified and documented the effects of three key corrections: (1) frequency response correction, (2) air density correction, and (3) spectroscopic correction. The effects of these corrections were different between daytime and nighttime, and their magnitudes were greater with larger $CH_4$ fluxes. Overall, the magnitude of $CH_4$ flux increased on average by 20-25% after the corrections. The National Center for AgroMeteorology (www.ncam.kr) will soon release an updated KoFlux program to public users, which includes the spectroscopic correction and the gap-filling of $CH_4$ flux.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.111-122
• /
• 2013

The necessity of clear understanding of water and energy cycles has been attracted recently due to the climate change. The micrometeorological flux tower networks play a role of cornerstone of the hydrological and ecological analyses. Although the eddy covariance techniques used for flux tower have been proven to be applicable for estimation of latent heat flux, the raw data are often underestimated and needs to be corrected. Among several methods, the Bowen ratio is recognized as the most useful method in which the net radiation and other flux data (Ground heat flux, Sensible heat flux) are used and needed to be validated. In this study, in order to validate the net radiation from flux tower in Seolmacheon and Cheongmicheon watersheds, we compare it with two version of calculated net radiation: (1) FAO 56 Daily net radiation proposed by Allen et al. (1998). (2) Instantaneous net radiation proposed by Bastiaanssen (1995). The results showed that the net radiation from the flux data had similar tendency with those calculated based on physical theory. In addition, after it was applied to Bowen ratio method, the corrected latent heat flux was considerably improved with making the energy balance much more closed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
• /
• 2003.05b
• /
• pp.415-416
• /
• 2003

지표와 대기 사이의 상호작용에 의해 일어나는 지표층의 물과 에너지, 탄소 등의 순환을 이해하기 위해 이곳에서 교환되는 물질 및 에너지를 관측하는 것이 필요하다. 지표 플럭스를 관측하는 미기상학적 방법에는 경도법, 에디공분산법 등이 있다. 이 중 에디공분산법은 보존 방식을 근간으로 하여 에디 확산성에 대한 가정 없이 플럭스를 구하는 방법이다. 에디공분산법을 이용한 다양한 장/단기 관측이 국내/외에서 수행되고 있으며, 관측자료의 품질검증과 보정을 통한 양질의 자료생산은 관측 시스템의 최적화에 필수적이다. (중략)

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
• /
• 2003.09a
• /
• pp.115-128
• /
• 2003

o What is the flux \ulcorner Flux is the transfer of a quantity per unit area per unit time. The quantities are mass, heat, moisture, momentum and pollutant in micrometeorology. Kinematic flux (Fluid). The reduction in wind speed due to frictional drag transfers momentum from the atmosphere to the surface, creating turbulence that mixes the air and transports heat and water from the surface into the lower atmosphere. (omitted)

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
• /
• 2017.11a
• /
• pp.80-80
• /
• 2017

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.1455-1461
• /
• 2014

In this study, using flux data measured in Deokgokje reservoir watershed near Deokyu mountain in May, June, and July 2011, statistical analysis was conducted for outlier detection and replacement for vertical wind speed in the measurement of evapotranspiration based on eddy covariance method. To statistically analyze the outliers of vertical wind speed, the outlier detection method based on interquartile range (IQR) in boxplot was employed and the detected outliers were deleted or replaced with mean. The comparison was conducted for the measured evapotranspiration before and after the outlier replacement. The study results showed that there is a difference between evapotranspiration before outlier replacement and evapotranspiration after outlier replacement, especially during the rainy day. Therefore, based on the study results, the outliers should be deleted or replaced in the measurement of evapotranspiration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.57 no.3
• /
• pp.109-120
• /
• 2015

Spatial heterogeneous characteristics of solar radiation energy from Climate Change gives rise to energy imbalance in the general ecological system including water resources. This study is to estimate the $CO_2$ flux of South Korea using Terra MODIS image and to assess the reliability of MODIS data from the ground measured $CO_2$ flux by eddy covariance flux tower data at 3 locations (two at mixed forest area and one at rice paddy area). The MODIS Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) product (MOD17A2), 8-day composite at 1-km spatial resolution was adopted for the spatial $CO_2$ flux generation. The MOD17A2 data by noise like cloud and snow in a day were tried to fill by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method from valid pixels and the damping effect of MOD17A2 data were corrected by Quality Control (QC) flag. The MODIS $CO_2$ flux was estimated as the sum of GPP and Re (ecosystem respiration) by Lloyd and Taylor method (1994). The determination coefficient ($R^2$) between MODIS $CO_2$ and flux tower $CO_2$ for 3 years (2011~2013) showed 0.55 and 0.60 in 2 mixed forests and 0.56 in rice paddy respectively. The $CO_2$ flux generally fluctuated showing minus values during summer rainy season (from July to August) and maintaining plus values for other periods. The MODIS $CO_2$ flux can be a useful information for extensive area, for example, as a reliable indicator on ecological circulation system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.80-86
• /
• 2000

Eddy covariance method is widely used in measuring vertical fluxes of mass and energy between the atmosphere and the biosphere. In this method, scalar concentration is measured with either open-path or closed-path sensors. For the latter, fluctuations of scalar concentration are attenuated as the sample travels through a long tube, resulting in flux loss. To quantify this tube attenuation, water vapor concentrations measured with both closed-path and open-path sensors were analyzed. Our statistical analysis showed that the power spectral density obtained from the closed-path sensor was different from that from the open-path sensor in the frequency range of > 0.5 Hz. The loss of water vapor flux due to tube attenuation was < 5% during midday. At nighttime, however, the flux loss increased significantly because of the low wind speeds and the weak turbulence sources. Theoretical calculation for the tube attenuation showed a small bias in high frequency range probably because of the interaction of sticky water vapor with a tube wall.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to measure and understand the exchange of CO₂ and water in a rice canopy. Eddy covariance system was installed on a 10m tower along with other meteorological instruments. CO₂ flux and surface energy balance were measured throughout the whole growing season in 2003 over a typical paddy field in Icheon, Korea. During the early growth stage in May and June, most of net radiation was partitioned to latent heat flux with daytime Bowen ratio of 0.3 to 0.7. Evapotranspiration (i.e., daily integrated latent heat flux) typically ranged from 3 to 4 mm d/sup -1/, with even higher rates on sunny days. Daily integrated net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO₂ increased with increasing solar radiation and leaf area index (LAI). The NEE was especially high during the stages of young panicle formation and heading. On 1 June 2003, when the rice field was flooded, it was a weak sink of atmospheric CO₂ with an uptake rate of 9.1 gm/sup -2/d/sup -1/. Despite frequent rainy and cloudy conditions in summer, maximum NEE of 36.2 gm/sup -2/d/sup -1/ occurred on 31 July prior to heading stage. As rice crop senesced after early September, the NEE decreased.