• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.385-403
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• 2017

This study showed the national ecosystem classification for the spatial standards of ecosystems-based approaches to the risk assessments and adaptation plan. The characteristics of climate change risk assessment, implement national adaptation plans, and ecosystem/habitat classification status was evaluated. Focusing on the land cover classification widely utilized as spatial data for the assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the UK and other countries in Europe, the applicability of the national land cover classification for climate change risk assessments was reviewed. Considering the ecosystem classification for climate change risk assessment and establishing adaptation measures, it is difficult to apply rough classification method to the land cover system because of lack of information on habitat trend by categorization. The results indicated that forest ecosystems and agro-ecosystem occupied 62.3% and 25.0% of land cover, respectively, of the entire country. Although the area is small compared with the land area, wetland ecosystem (2.9%), marine ecosystem (0.4%), coastal ecosystem (0.6%), and urban ecosystem (6.1%) can be included in the risk assessments. Therefore, it is necessary to subdivide below the medium classification for the forest and agricultural land, as well as Inland wetland, which has a higher proportion of habitat preference of taxa than land area, marine/coastal habitat, and transition areas such as urban and natural ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.99-112
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• 2020

This study aims to propose biotope field datasheet and biotope type classification based on habitat-based by analyzing the German biotope system. The German system began in 1976 and has established a habitat-based national biotope classification system. On the other hand, Korea institutionalized in 2018 to build a classification system based on land use and land cover, which is a classification system that does not fully reflect ecosystem in Korea. Germany operates 44 biotope classification systems and 40 biotope field datasheet. Korea uses a single biotope field datasheet regardless of the biotope type. This classification system may not reflect the characteristics of Korea's biotope ecological habitat. The biotope classification system of Korea was proposed by dividing it into five categories: mountain ecology, freshwater ecology, land ecology, coastal ecology, and development area to reflect ecosystem habitat. The biotope type was designed as a system of large-classification-middle-small classification and subdivided into medium-classification and subdivided in each biotope system. The major classifications were classified into 44 categories according to the mountainous biotope(11), freshwater biotope(8), terrestrial biotope (12), coastal biotope(6), and development biotope(7). Unlike Germany, Korea's biotope field datasheet was proposed in five ways according to the classification of major ecosystem types. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the policy suggestion and the utilization of ecosystem conservation because the biotope classification system is classified to reflect the characteristics of ecosystem habitats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2015

Interests in ecosystem services have increased and a number of attempts to perform a quantitative valuation on them have been undertaken. To classify the ecosystem types landcover classification maps are generally used. However, some forest types on landcover classification maps have a number of errors. The purpose of this study is to verify the forest types on the landcover map by using a variety of field survey data and to suggest an improved method for forest type classifications. Forest types are compared by overlaying the landcover classification map with the 4th forest type map, and then they are verified by using National Forest Inventory, 3rd National Ecosystem Survey and field survey data. Misclassifications of forest types are found on the forest on the forest type map and farm and other grassland on the landcover map. Some errors of forest types occur at Daegu, Busan and Ulsan metropolitan cities and Gangwon province. The results of accuracy in comprehensive classification show that deciduous forest is 76.1%; coniferous forest is 54.0%; and mixed forest is 22.2%. In order to increase the classification accuracy of forest types a number of remote sensing images during various time periods should be used and the survey period of NFI and the National Forest Inventory and National Ecosystem Survey should be consistent. Also, examining areas with wide forest patch should be prioritized during the field survey in order to decrease any errors.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.665-673
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• 2010

The role of remote sensing in phenological studies is increasingly regarded as a key in understanding large area seasonal phenomena. This paper describes the application of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series data for vegetation classification using seasonal variation patterns. The vegetation seasonal variation phase of Seoul and provinces in Korea was inferred using 8 day composite MODIS NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) dataset of 2006. The seasonal vegetation classification approach is performed with reclassification of 4 categories as urban, crop land, broad-leaf and needle-leaf forest area. The BISE (Best Index Slope Extraction) filtering algorithm was applied for a smoothing processing of MODIS NDVI time series data and fuzzy classification method was used for vegetation classification. The overall accuracy of classification was 77.5% and the kappa coefficient was 0.61%, thus suggesting overall high classification accuracy.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.3-16
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• 2013

This review paper examines various terms used for the definitions and classifications of ecosystem services, often times mixed and confused, in the literature and re-establishes the concepts of important terms, including ecosystem functions, services and benefits, to enhance communication among the stake-holders in the process of decision making. The definitions and scopes of ecosystem services are differentiated depending on the policy purposes such as environmental accounting, environmental valuation and natural resource management. The importance of identification and enumeration of final outputs associated with a particular policy is addressed. In addition, the usefulness of an alternative pathway-analysis beginning from benefits, via services and function, to process/structure of ecosystem is emphasized.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.85-102
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• 2012

Industrialization and modernization of the $20^{th}$ century have brought convenience to human life. However, such development produced unintentional global environmental issues such as destruction of natural ecosystem through excessive use of the natural environment beyond its capacity. The United National (UN) recognized such global environment issues and coordinated with worldwide experts to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the global ecosystem, "Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)", to resolve the issues. The UN conducted the MA primarily to comprehend the correlation between the ecosystem and human welfare. The results demonstrated that the ecosystem provides various direct and indirect benefits to human. This new concept was introduced as the "ecosystem services". Introduction of the ecosystem services highlighted the significance of the ecosystem and led to increased research and active discussions among experts from various discipline over the recent 10 years. It has been considered that the ecosystem service concept could be incorporated in policymaking process, as primary criteria to assess and weigh the benefits of using natural resources against the effects on value of the ecosystem. The current policymaking process is affected by the contradicting logics of modernization and preservation of ecosystem. The ecosystem services concept could be the answer to forming a rational policymaking process, allowing for nature preservation while wisely using the available natural resources. The general consensus has been formed on the need of incorporating the ecosystem services concept in the policies and globally various researches on the ecosystem services have been actively conducted. However, introduction of the ecosystem services concept is still at a very early stage and research on real application of the ecosystem services is yet almost nonexistent. Also there are no clear and agreed definition, classification scheme and value appraisal methodology regarding the ecosystem services. Therefore, this research explains the basic concept of the ecosystem services and highlights specific issues for further researches, as further researches on real application of the ecosystem services would find ways for the ecosystem services approach to be valuable in the policymaking process.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1993

Ordination and classification techiques were used to analyze the forest communities and to examine the integration problem of community-to-ecological species group in mt. moak provincial park of korea. phytosociological classiication based on floristic composition produced seven commuities of zelkova serrata, carpinus densiflora. These seven communities were well discriminated in the two-dimensional analyses of soil moisture, soil organic matter content and temperature(elevation), eciprocally, and in three-dimensional space of the three environmental factors also. They corresponded to seven ecological groups derived from the distribution pattern analysis of species populations in this mountain.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2 s.115
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• pp.1-17
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze biotope types of urban land-use patterns. Forest areas were considered according to vegetation type and potential for succession. Urban ecosystem structure was analyzed according to land use, land coverage, vegetation structure (actual vegetation, diameter at breast height, layer structure, and revetment). As a results of the classification, the biotopes were divided into 71 types according to the urban ecosystem structure. In the case of the Hanam province, the biotopes were divided into 51 types: 26 forest types; 5 swampy and grass land types; 3 farm land types; 3 types of planted land, and 8 types of urbanization.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 2002

South Africa has developed a policy and law that calls and provides for the equitable and sustainable use of water resources. Sustainable resource use is dependent on effective resource protection. Rivers are the most important freshwater resources in the country, and there is a focus on developing and applying methods to quantify what rivers need in terms of flow and water quality. These quantified and descriptive objectives are then related to specified levels of ecological health in a classification system. This paper provides an overview of an integrated and systematic methodology, where, fer each river, and each river reach, the natural condition and the present ecological condition are described, and a level/class of ecosystem health is selected. The class will define long term management goals. This procedure requires each ecosystem component to be quantified, starting with the abiotic template. A modified flow regime is modelled for each ecosystem health class, and the resultant fluvial geomorphology and hydraulic habitats are described. Then the water chemistry is described, and the water quality changes that are likely to occur as a consequence of altered flows are predicted. Finally, the responses to the stress imposed on the biota (fish, invertebrates and vegetation) by modified flow and water quality are predicted. All of the predicted responses are translated into descriptive and/or quantitative management objectives. The paper concludes with the recognition of active method development, and the enormous challenge of applying the methods, implementing the law, and achieving river protection and sustainable resource-use.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.131-136
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• 1999

Aerial videography techniques have been used to inventory conditions associated with grassland, forests, and agricultural crop production. Most recently, aerial videography has been used to verity satellite image classifications as part of the natural ecosystem survey. The objectives of this study were: (1) to use aerial video images of the study area, one part of Taean Seashore National Park, for the accuracy assessment, and (2) to determine the suitability of aerial videography as an accuracy assessment, of the land cover classification with Landsat-TM data. Video images were collected twice, summer and winter seasons, and divided into two kinds of images, wide angle and narrow angle images. Accuracy assessment methods include the calculation of the error matrix, the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of agreement. This study indicates that aerial videography is an effective tool for accuracy assessment of the satellite image classifications of which features are relatively large and continuous. And it would be possible to overcome the limits of the present natural ecosystem survey method.