• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2011

복분자딸기에서 차응애에 대한 경제적피해수준과 요방제수준을 평가하였다. 2008년 5월 7일 접종밀도(성충 0, 5, 10, 20, 40마리/주)에 따른 시기별 발생밀도는 무접종구를 제외하고는 6월 상순까지 점점 증가하다가 이후 감소하는 경향이었고, 접종밀도가 높을수록 더 크게 증가하였다. 차응애 접종밀도에 따른 수량은 접종밀도가 높을수록 감소하였고, 그에 따른 수량감소율은 접종밀도가 높아짐에 따라서 증가하였으며, 2009년 5월 8일 접종밀도(성충 0, 2, 5, 10, 20마리/주)에 따른 시기별 발생밀도와 수량 및 수량감소율도 2008년과 유사한 경향이었다. 차응애 접종밀도와 수량감소율과의 관계를 회귀식을 이용하여 분석한 결과는 2008년 Y = 0.6545X + 3.0425 ($R^2$ = 0.93), 2009년 Y = 0.9031X + 2.0899($R^2$ = 0.96)의 관계식을 얻을 수 있었다. 차응애 접종밀도별 수량감소율과의 관계식에 근거하여 GT값이 전체수량의 5%되는 수량감소율 (Y)을 추정해 보았을 때 복분자딸기에서 경제적피해수준(X)은 2008년 3.0마리/줄기, 2009년 3.2마리/줄기이었고, 요방제수준은 각각 2.4마리/줄기, 2.6마리/줄기이었다. 접종밀도와 방제적기로 고려되는 5월 중순 차응애 발생밀도와의 관계는 2008년 Y = 0.471X + 2.495($R^2$ = 0.95), 2009년 Y = 0.9938X + 3.1858($R^2$ = 0.96)로 회귀식이 성립되었으며, 회귀식에 의하면 복분자딸기 차응애 요방제수준(2008년 2.4마리/주, 2009년 2.6마리/주)에 따른 5월 중순 발생밀도는 각각 2008년 3.6마리/엽, 2009년 5.8마리/엽이었다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2011년도 학술발표회
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• pp.13-13
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• 2011

The Rio Grande Compact Commission, in collaboration with local water management entities, water users and universities established a three state Rio Grande The Rio Grande Compact Commission, in collaboration with local water management entities, water users and universities established a three state Rio Grande Salinity Management Program. The objectives of the Rio Grande Project Salinity Management Program are to reduce salinity concentrations, loading, and salinity impacts in the Rio Grande basin for the 270 mile river reach from San Acacia, New Mexico to Fort Quitman, Texasto increase usable water supplies for agricultural, urban, and environmental purposes. The focus of this first phase of the program is the development of baseline salinity and hydrologic information and a preliminary assessment of the economic impacts of salinity. An assessment of the economic impacts of salinity in this region was conducted by scientists at Texas A&M University's AgriLife Research Center at El Paso and New Mexico State University. Economic damages attributable to high salinity of Rio Grandewater were estimated for residential, agricultural, municipal, and industrial uses. The major impact issues addressed were: who is being affected the types of economic impacts the magnitude of economic damages overall and by user category and identification of threshold-effect levels for different types of water use. Salinity concentrations in this 270 mile reach of the river typically range from 480 ppm to 1,200 ppm, but can exceed 3,000 ppm in the lower section of this reach. Economic impacts include reductions in agricultural yields, reduced water appliance life, equipment replacement costs, and increased water supply costs. This preliminary economic assessment indicates annual damages of $10.5 million from increased water salinity. Under current water uses, municipal and industrial uses account for 75% of the total estimated impacts. However, agricultural impacts are based on current crop pattern yield reductions and, salinity leaching requirements and do not account for the impacts of reduced revenue from having to grow salinity tolerant, lower value crops. Actual damages are anticipated to be significantly higher with the inclusion of these additional agricultural impacts plus the future impacts from the growing population in the region. A more comprehensive economic analysis is planned for the second phase of this program. Results of the economic analysis are being used to determine the feasiblity of salinity control alternatives and what salinity reduction control measures will be pursued.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.45-80
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• 2016

본 논문은 동남아시아의 2000년대 이후의 도시화의 현황에 대해 도시면적비율, 도시화율, 도시인구밀도 등의 세 가지 지표를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 또한 Williamson의 가설을 활용하여 도시화가 경제성장에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증분석을 실시하였다. 그리고 추정계수를 활용하여 도시화가 경제성장에 긍정적인 영향을 미치기 시작하는 임계점을 산출하고 동남아시아 각 국가들의 현황과 비교 분석하였다. 동남아시아의 도시화율의 증가세에 비해 도시인구밀도가 더욱 빨리 증가하고 있다는 것을 보여주고 있고 이는 인구과밀화 현상이 빨리 진행되고 있음을 의미한다. 실증분석결과를 보면 본 연구에서 상정한 두 가지 추정방정식 모두에서 Williamson의 가설과 반대되는 결과를 얻었다. 이는 경제발전단계 및 소득수준이 낮은 국가인 경우 도시화가 경제성장에 긍정적 영향을 미치지만, 소득수준이 일정수준(임계점)을 넘어서게 되면 도시화가 오히려 경제성장에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 본 연구의 가설이 지지되지 못함을 의미한다. 동남아시아의 도시화는 지역화경제 및 도시화경제로 대표되는 집적의 경제가 일정정도 실현되고 있고 또한 지식이전 및 아이디어의 활발한 교환, 생산성의 향상 등을 통해 경제성장에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 동남아시아의 도시화의 의미를 고찰함에 있어 경제성장에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 집적의 경제, 지식이전 등의 효과를 극대화하기 위한 정책적 배려와 노력이 필요다고 할 수 있다.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.35-77
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• 2023

This study aims to solve the entangled loop between demographic transition (DT) and economic growth by analyzing cross-country data. We undertake a national-level group analysis to verify the compressed transition of demographic variables over time. Assuming that the LA (latecomer advantage) on DT over time exists, we verify that the DT of the latecomer is compressed by providing a formal proof of LA on DT over income. As a DT has the double-kinked functions of income, we check them in multiple aspects: early maturation, leftward threshold, and steeper descent under a contour map and econometric methods. We find that the developing countries (the latecomer) have speedy DT (CDT, compressed DT) as well as speedy income such that DT of the latecomers starts at lower levels of income, lasts for a shorter period, and finishes at the earlier stage of economic development compared to that of developed countries (the early mover). To check the balance of DT, we classify countries into four groups of DT---balanced, slow, unilateral, and rapid transition countries. We identify that the main causes of rapid transition are due to the strong family planning programs of the government. Finally, we check the effect of latecomer's CDT on economic growth inversely: we undertake the simulation of the CDT effect on economic growth and the aging process for the latecomer. A worrying result is that the CDT of the latecomer shows a sharp upturn of the working-age population, followed by a sharp downturn in a short period. Compared to early-mover countries, the latecomer countries cannot buy more time to accommodate the workable population for the period of demographic bonus and prepare their aging societies for demographic onus. Thus, we conclude that CDT is not necessarily advantageous to developing countries. These outcomes of the latecomer's CDT can be re-interpreted as follows. Developing countries need power sources to pump up economic development, such as the following production factors: labor, physical and financial capital, and economic systems. As for labor, the properties of early maturation and leftward thresholds on DTs of the latecomer mean that demographic movement occurs at an unusually early stage of economic development; this is similar to a plane that leaks fuel before or just before take-off, with the result that it no longer flies higher or farther. What is worse, the property of steeper descent represents the falling speed of a plane so that it cannot be sustained at higher levels, and then plummets to all-time lows.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.407-407
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• 2019

According to Asian Development Bank report Pakistan is among water scarce countries. Climate scenario on the basis IPCC fifth assessment report (AR5) revealed that annual mean temperature of Pakistan from year 2010-2019 was $17C^o$ which will rise up to $21C^o$ at the end of this century, similarly almost 10% decrease of annual rainfall is expected at the end of the century. It is a changing task in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan to meet the water demands of rapidly increasing population in a changing climate. While many studies have tackled scarcity and stream flow forecasting of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Pakistan, very few of them are related to socio-economic and climate change impact on sustainable water management of UIB. This study investigates the pattern of current and future surface water availability for various demand sites (e.g. domestic, agriculture and industrial) under different socio-economic and climate change scenarios in Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Pakistan for a period of 2010 to 2050. A state-of-the-art planning tool Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) is used to analyze the dynamics of current and future water demand. The stream flow data of five sub catchment (Astore, Gilgit, Hunza, Shigar and Shoyke) and entire UIB were calibrated and validated for the year of 2006 to 2011 using WEAP. The Nash Sutcliffe coefficient and coefficient of determination is achieved ranging from 0.63 to 0.92. The results indicate that unmet water demand is likely to increase severe threshold and the external driving forces e.g. socio-economic and climate change will create a gap between supply and demand of water.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2015

고추 흰가루병이 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 경제적 방제수준을 설정하고자 시험을 수행하였다. 고추 흰가루병의 발병 정도에 따른 수량의 변화에 대한 분석은 병발생을 10단계 수준으로 구분하여 시험을 실시하였다. 흰가루병 발생수준과 과장, 과경, 과중은 부의 상관관계를 형성하였으며, 발생이 증가함에 따라 수량이 감소하여 유의한 부의 상관관계가 형성되었다. 시설고추 흰가루병 발생 정도와 수량과의 회귀식은 천하통일과 부촌품종이 각각 Y = -2.136X+327.9 $R^2=0.76$, Y = -3.44X+291.1 $R^2=0.73$ 성립되었으며, 시설고추 흰가루병 발생 정도와 수량 손실량과의 회귀식은 천하통일과 부촌품종이 각각 Y = 2.14X+15.45 $R^2=0.76$ $r=0.87^{**}$ Y = 3.44X+11.21 $R^2=0.73$ $r=0.85^{**}$ 성립되었다. 따라서 시설 고추 수량에 영향을 주지 않는 수준의 흰가루병 방제 적기는 발생 병반면적률이 3.2~7.3% 이하 이었으며. 고추 흰가루병 경제적 방제수준은 시설 고추 흰가루병 발생 정도가 3.8~6.2% 이하 일 때 방제를 시작하면 방제횟수를 절감 하면서 효율적인 방제를 할 수 있다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 1977

주요 벼 해충의 경제적 피해 수준을 결정하고 약제살포 회수의 감소 가능성을 모색하기 위하여, 수원 등 4개 지역의 농가 포장 조건하에서 본 연구를 수행하였다. 무살포구 관행방제구 및 2.3의 관행 방제를 수정한 처리구를 두었으며, 해충 밀도 및 병의 발생에 대해서도 상세한 기록을 행하였다. I) 이화명충의 제1세대가 활발한 중부지방의 수원과 이천의 경우 수회 약제 살포구와 무살포구 사이의 수량의 차에 유의성이 없었으며, 평균 수량은 높아서 5.2-7.6t/ha였다. ii) 일본형 품종이나 다수성 품종인 통일 어느 품종에서도 수량의 감소를 인정할 수 없었던 고로 피해경율이 $8.6\%$까지 상승한 제1세대 유충의 가해행위는 경제적 피해 수준 이하였다. iii) 유충에 의한 피해는 피해경이 대체되는 보상생장에 의해서 호전된다는 증거가 얻어졌다. 이화명충의 제2세대 개체군은 언제나 낮았다. iv) 수원과 이천에서 얻어진 결과를 볼 때 현재의 관행 약제 살포 회수 6-7회는 합당하지 않다. v) 남부지방인 이리의 경우 애멸구에 의한 줄무늬잎 마름병이 초기에 대발생하여 이로 인해 실질적인 수량의 감소가 일어났다. 이앙 직후에 애멸구의 평균 밀도는 주당 1-2마리였다. 이화명충도 이러한 수량의 감소에 영향을 주었을 가능성이 있다. vi) 이리에서 애멸구에 대해 수회의 약제 살포를 행하였으나 감수성 품종에서 급속하게 번져가는 줄무늬 잎마름병을 막을 수 없었으며, 그 주변 포장의 저항성 품종인 통일은 비교적 영향을 받지 않았다. vii) 끝동매미충, 벼멸구, 횐등멸구 및 벼잎굴파리는 중요성이 적은 해충이다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.40-50
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• 2018

Objective: This study presented the analysis period, the complexity of combined therapy and comparator choice as the key limitations in the economic evaluation of new drugs, and discussed programs for coping with these limitations. Methods: This study evaluated the post-evaluation, risk-sharing agreement, extra funding program, and flexible incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) threshold as actions or programs that would increase accessibility to costly new drugs. The study also presented the cases of other countries. The application of the post-evaluation was considered to deal with high uncertainty regarding new drugs. Results: The risk-sharing agreement was introduced in European countries as well as South Korea and has been responsible for the shift from using the financial schemes to outcome-based schemes. The drug funding program has had troubled in securing stable extra funds. The application of higher ICER in the economic evaluation of expensive and innovative oncology drugs was criticized because of the inequity between oncology patients and patients with other diseases. Conclusion: Therefore, introducing and applying actions that would increase the accessibility to costly new drugs in South Korea have been deemed necessary after careful reviews and discussions with various stakeholders (insurer, policy makers, pharmaceutical companies and patients).

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the correlation between Net Benefit Test (NBT) and System marginal price (SMP), which has a significant impact on the allocation of demand response (DR) resources in resource scheduling and commitment (RSC) process, based on the performance data of the demand resource market which has been established in 2014. Demand resources compete with generation resources in the RSC process, and it is prescribed to use demand resources only when net benefit occurs. Analysis result shows that the larger the SMP than the Net Benefit Threshold Price (NBTP), the more the winning bid of demand response resource was. It is interpreted that the introduction of NBT in DR market is justified. The demand resource market has been steadily growing. It is required to expand the scope of resources up to the small-sized DR, and to expand the functionalities of demand resources not only in the current energy market but also in the reserve market in the future. In order for that, institutional improvements are required.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2018

Many developing countries have attempted to depreciate their currencies in order to make their products cheaper, stimulate exports, shift aggregate demand to the right, and increase aggregate output. However, currency depreciation tends to increase import prices, raise domestic inflation, reduce capital inflows, and shift aggregate supply to the left. The net impact is unclear. The paper incorporates the monetary policy function in the model, which is determined by the inflation gap, the output gap, the real effective exchange rate, and the world real interest rate. Applying an extended IS-MP-AS model (Romer, 2000), the paper finds that real depreciation raised real GDP during 1997.Q1-2005.Q3 whereas real appreciation increased real GDP during 2005.Q4-2017.Q2. In addition, a higher government debt-to-GDP ratio, a lower U.S. real federal funds rate, a higher real stock price, a lower real oil price or a lower expected inflation rate would help increase real GDP. Hence, real depreciation or real appreciation may increase or reduce aggregate output, depending upon the level of economic development. Although expansionary fiscal policy is effective in stimulating the economy, caution needs to be exercised as there may be a debt threshold beyond which a further increase in the debt-to-GDO ratio would hurt economic growth.