• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.205-215
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• 2012

Metal ions, toxic or potentially toxic to biota and human beings, can be immobilized by sorption onto the mineral surfaces in soils and sediments. This article briefly explains theories regarding the chemical properties of mineral surfaces to sorb metal ions and processes of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis for sorption study, and reviews atomic-scale findings on metal sorption on mineral surfaces. The theoretical understanding on the chemistry of mineral surfaces and metal sorption is fundamental to the proper analysis of the atomic-scale spectroscopy to determine the sorption phases. Atomic-scale findings on metal sorption phases discussed here include co-precipitation, ternary complexation, aging effects, and desorption possibilities, as well as outer-sphere complexation, inner-sphere complexation, and surface precipitation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.350-357
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• 2002

The scale effect should be considered to determine the bearing capacity and settlement of footings from Plate-Load Test, because of the size difference between a footing and a loading plate. To analyze characteristics of bearing capacity and settlement according to the difference of loading plate sizes, model tests were peformed with four different sizes of square plate, which is B=10, 15, 20 and 25cm respectively, on five different kinds of subsoil, which is pure sand(100:0), sand-clay mixed soil(75:25, 50:50, 25:75), and pure clay(0:100). Based on the analyzed results, this paper also proposed a method of bearing capacity and settlement determination, where scale effect is considered depending on the mixing ratio of sand and clay. Applying the formular proposed in this research to field problems, it is expected that evaluation of bearing capacity and settlement of footings can be more reliable and more economic construction can be achieved.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.46-48
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• 2001

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.174-196
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• 2021

Even though Sino-American relations of the Donald Trump era were perceived as predominately confrontational, with a symbolic trade war between the two, the scale of economic interdependencies between the United States and China results in either a need for collaboration or in serious losses on both sides in the case of lack of cooperation. The paper aims at analyzing economic relations between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China at the time of the Trump presidency. Analysis is based on the complex interdependence theory of Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye. The main hypothesis analyzed in the paper states: Asymmetric interdependence between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America limits the scope, intensity and length of a trade war. For the sake of the paper, economic interdependence will be analyzed. Apart from the reference to the state of the art, the document analysis and descriptive statistics are to be applied in the paper.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.159-166
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• 2007

Large scale flood disasters bring human losses and properties, which lead to the decrease of our productive value and change social environment. Human loss and economic damage are considered to be the same system but they are viewed as separated systems. The total amount of human loss can be represented as the total amount of economic damage estimated in the frame of social system while it will be possible to make mutual changing by clearing the relations between social and economic systems. In this regard, an attempt to estimate economic loss considering per capita Gross Domestic Production (GDP) caused by flood-related mortality was carried out to the typhoon Rusa of 2002 in Kangwon-do. The proposed method tried to capture quantitative factors which are affecting the loss of per capita GDP. The approach has great importance not only to set up governmental policy but also methodological progress in the research due to impact of disaster-related mortality on GDP loss.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2011

Purpose: The study was to identify relationships between the family support, perceived health status and self esteem in Korean women with breast cancer. Methods: Data were collected by questionnaires from 214 women with breast cancer in inpatient and outpatient settings at three different university hospitals and one cancer hospital in B city, Korea. The instruments included Family Support Scale, Perceived Health Status Scale, and Self Esteem Scale. The collected data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, and Pearson's correlation coefficients by SPSS WIN 15.0 program. Results: There were significant differences in the family support by age, education, and cost burden. There were significant differences in the perceived health status by education, occupation, economic status, pain, fatigue, and cancer insurance. There were significant differences in the self esteem by age, occupation, economic status, type of religion, pain, fatigue, and cancer insurance. Self-esteem was significantly correlated with family support and perceived health status. Conclusion: These results suggested that promoting perceived health status and enhancing family support would increase self-esteem effectively among Korean women with breast cancer.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.46
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• pp.237-261
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• 2010

Resent East Asian economic growth has lead the increase of global trade volume and global logistics to the level of full-scale development as aiming to have quantitative growth in world trades in one hand and increasing mutual dependence among the East Asian Economic Bloc on the other. In other words, East Asian economic current growth is going along as connecting with 2 different process that are the increase of global trade volume and the technical development of global logistics system. And mutual dependence among the East Asian Economic Bloc shows the deepening trend in production and consumption. While having the flow of expansion in East Asian trade volume and logistics network in mind, this paper will study on trend in East Asian intra-trade and then study on change & tasks in the East Asian Logistics system.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2006

Objective : The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of two methods for stabilization and fusion : Postero-Lateral Fusion [PLF, pedicle screw fixation with bone graft] and Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion [PLIF, cage insertion] for spinal stenosis and recurred disc herniation except degenerative spondylolisthesis. Methods : Seventy one patients who underwent PLF [n=36] or PLIF [n=35] between 1997 and 2001 were evaluated prospectively. These two groups were compared for the change of interbody space, the range of segmental angle, the angle of lumbar motion, and clinical outcomes by Prolo scale. Results : The mean follow-up period was 32.6 months. The PLIF group showed statistically significant increase of the interbody space after surgery. However, the difference in the change of interbody space between two groups was insignificant [P value=0.05]. The range of segmental angle was better in the PLIF group, but the difference in the change of segmental angle was not statistically significant [P value=0.0l7]. Angle of lumbar motion was similar in the two groups. Changes of Prolo economic scale were not statistically significant [P value=0.193]. The PLIF group showed statistically significant improvement in Prolo functional scale [P value=0.003]. In Prolo economic and functional scale, there were statistically significant relationships between follow-up duration [P value<0.001]. change of interbody space [P value<0.001], and range of segmental angle [P value<0.001]. Conclusion : Results of this study indicate that PLIF is superior to PLF in interbody space augmentation and clinical outcomes by Prolo functional scale. Analysis of clinical outcomes showed significant relationships among various factors [fusion type, follow-up duration, change of interbody space, and range of segmental angle]. Therefore, the authors recommend instrumented PLIF to offer better clinical outcomes in patients who needed instrumented lumbar fusion for spinal stenosis and recurred disc herniation.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.58-73
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• 2021

Purpose - In the context of economic globalization and the continuous development of international trade, as countries around the sea peninsula, port construction is particularly important. Based on the research on the influencing factors of port logistics development based on the allocation analysis, QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) provides the basis for the planning and policy of port logistics development and has important theoretical value and practical significance for improving the level of port logistics management, reducing logistics operating costs and increasing economic benefits. In the tide of global integration for the development of port logistics, promote the growth of foreign trade economy of the city. It is also of great significance to the development and progress of commerce and trade. Design/methodology - Based on the relevant data samples of various ports in South Korea, this paper uses fsQCA (fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis) to integrate and analyze the influence mechanism of port logistics development and extracts five influencing factors of port logistics development, including the port's scale and infrastructure in the hard environment, port-neighboring enterprises in the soft environment, hinterland economy and government support. Findings - The five factors are unable to separately constitute the necessary and sufficient conditions of port logistics development, only a combined model can influence lake port logistics development. The scale and infrastructure of the port itself and port-neighboring ring enterprises are the main core conditions, which work together on the port, affect the throughput capacity of the port, and promote the development of port logistics. When the port-neighboring enterprises are not complete and the scale is low, the growth of port throughput will be restrained and the development of port logistics will be affected, whether the hinterland economic benefits are general, the development of port-neighboring enterprises is insufficient, or the government supports are limited. Originality/value - Through the research on the development of port logistics in South Korea from the perspective of configuration, this paper finds the configuration influence of hard environment and soft environment on the development of port logistics, which has important theoretical and practical significance for better promoting the development of port logistics in South Korea.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 1995

This study aims 1) To explicate the multidimensional structure of a widely used measure of subjective well-being, the Philadelphia Geriatric Center(PGC) Morale Scale is used to measure health in elderly populations and 2) To examine the relationship between the socioeconomic status and related variables, health and physical disability and subjective well-being in elderly populations. The selection of subjects was determined through a survey of 672 rural dwelling elderly persons(269 males and 403 females) aged 60 years and over. The respondents were interviewed by 18 trained health workers using the questionnaire from July 4 to July 9 in 1994. The subjects were surveyed again during the period from August 1 to August 6 in 1994 to conform the questionnaire's reliability. Subjective well-being was evaluated using the Revised Questionnaire of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center(PGC) Moral Scale(17 items, Lawton, 1975). The results are as follows : 1) The item scores were intercorrelated and subjected to a principal component analysis. A rotated three-factor solution was done, accounting for 40.9% of the total variance. Thus, the PGC morale Scale can be derived from three stable factors : Factor 1 was explained "Lonely Dissatisfaction(7 items)", Factor 2 was explained "Agitation (5 items)", Factor 3 was explained "Attitude Towards Own Aging (5 items)". Further, these factors have a high degree of internal consistency, as determined by Cronbach's alpha : 0.7852. 2) The total mean score of PGC Morale Scale was 8.73. Sex, Age, Education, Current disease, Family type, Economic status, ADL, IADL were significantly difference in mean scores of PGC morale scale. 3) In the results of stepwise multiple regression analysis of subjective well-being. the most contributing factors were economic status, IADL, current disease, family type, sex and the R square was 0.23.