• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.195-202
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• 1993

The benefits of pesticides in improving the food quantity and quality requirements for an increasing world population are significant, and they can be described in agronomic, economic and social terms. The risks are assessed from the hazards which are likely to occur in practice ; the hazards are defined by the toxicity of the pesticide to non-target organisms at various exposure levels. There are ways of reducing the risks (mainly by reducing exposure in practice) and improving the benefits of pesticides ; these are known as risk management and benefit management respectively. The overall risk-benefit assessment is facilitated if each component can be expressed in financial terms, but it must be made nationally or locally on a sound technical basis against the prevailing agronomic, socio-economic and political circumstances. Paraquat is used to illustrate the risk-benefit assessment process in general terms, and the conclusion is that the benefits greatly outweigh the risks. It is important to keep the risks of pesticides in perspective with those associated with other naturally occurring chemicals in our diet and with other everyday aspects of life. In an overall context, the pesticide risk is small.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 8th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.493-502
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• 2020

Traditionally, road projects are initiated based on an assessment of their economic benefit, after which the environmental, social and governance effects are addressed discretely for the project according to a set of predetermined alternatives. Sustainable road infrastructure planning is vital as issues like diminishing access to road construction supplies, water scarcity, Greenhouse Gas emissions, road-related fatalities and congestion pricing etc., have imposed severe economic, social, and environmental damages to the society. In the process of addressing these sustainability factors in the operational phase of the project, the dynamics of these factors are generally ignored. This paper argues that effective delivery of sustainable roads should consider such dynamics and highlights how different aspects of sustainability have the potential to affect project sustainability. The paper initially presents the different sustainability-assessment tools that have been developed to determine the sustainability performance of road projects and discuss the inability of these tools to model the interrelationships among sustainability-related factors. The paper then argues the need for a new assessment framework that facilitates modelling these dynamics at the macro-level (system level) and helping policymakers for sustainable infrastructure planning through evaluating regulatory policies.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2013

Many studies have reported additional treatment is needed to use wastewater for agricultural purpose. Economic considerations should be taken into account to establish infrastructure for agricultural reuse because of a large amount of water use in irrigation and relatively low water quality requirement. The objective of this study was to conduct economic analysis of wastewater reclamation and reuse systems for agriculture. A system dynamics approach considering complexity and dynamics in the wastewater reuse systems was used for the economic analysis, which are related with social, environmental, and economic problems. Sensitivity and benefit cost analysis for wastewater reuse systems was conducted through the established economic assessment model. The result of sensitivity analysis showed that water resources development and installation cost were the most sensitive for total benefits and costs, respectively. The scenario-based test of the organized economic assessment model shows marginal cost ranges and enables decision-makers to decide reasonable cost for the wastewater reuse systems for agriculture.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.133-146
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• 2014

자연재해의 경제적 영향평가에 대한 연구는 많으나 화산재해의 영향평가에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 매우 적다. 국내의 경우, 화산 폭발에 대한 국가적, 사회적 관심 부족으로 화산재해 영향평가에 대한 학계 연구도 매우 부족하다. 이러한 연구실정을 고려하여, 본 연구는 자연재해의 경제적 영향평가 연구방법론을 조사하고 향후 예상되는 백두산 화산재해에의 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 본 연구의 주요 내용과 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자연재해 및 화산재해에 대해 조사한 결과, 아시아지역에서 자연재해 피해규모가 가장 컸고 아시아와 아메리카 대륙의 경제적 피해가 가장 많았던 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 최근 30년 사이에 화산분화가 매우 빈번했던 일본에서 화산재해로 인한 피해연구가 활발했던 반면, 화산분화가 드문 한국과 중국에서는 화산재해의 경제적 영향에 대한 연구가 매우 희소하다. 셋째, 자연재해에 의한 피해 유형 및 복합 피해구조에 대하여 살펴보았고, 그 중에서 정량적인 분석이 가능하다고 생각되는 경제적 간접피해를 추정할 수 있는 몇 가지 방법들을 비교 검토해 보았다. 각 방법론을 백두산 화산재해에 적용하는 경우, 모형 고유의 특징 때문에 피해규모가 과대 추정되거나 혹은 과소 추정될 가능성이 있으므로 계산된 피해결과는 사후적인 비교 검토가 필요하다. 마지막으로 일본의 화산재해에 관한 학술적 연구를 백두산 화산폭발의 경제적 영향 평가 연구의 출발점으로 활용할 수도 있겠지만, 미국에서 사용되는 Hazus나 뉴질랜드에서 사용되는 RiskScape와 같은 컴퓨터 SW를 활용하거나 개발하여 백두산 화산재해의 경제적 영향을 예측하는 것도 좋은 방법이라고 생각된다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.53-74
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• 1991

Interest on ocean environment has increased with the development of industrialized activities. Public marine resorces are defined broadly to include fish stocks, beaches, marine waters, recreational fishing, biota, waterfowls, shorebirds, seabirds and marine mammals But, it is not easy to analyze compensation for injury to publicly owned marine resources because the claimants do not exist clearly and the economic methodology of damage on public goods is not developed fully. This paper introduces basic idea of welfare economic theory and environmental legislation to the research question : How the economics and law can be applied to the case of damage on publicly owned marine resource. The paper discusses the concepts of willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA). It is accepted generally that WTA is correct concept of welfare change in the case of damaged public goods. Four methods (compensating variation, equivalent variation, compensating surplus, equivalent surplus of measuring welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes caused by environmental damage. Vartia (1983) showed CV could be measured from the ordinary demand function using the differential equations. This paper also provides an overview of the emerging U.S. and Korea legal system for compensation for natural resource damages, with particular emphasis on U.S. legal system under Comprehensive Environmen-tal Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). These regulations are to include two different types of standardized procedures for assessing natural resources injury : Type A or simplified assessment techniques for small releases ; and Type B protocols that would include detailed and extensive assessment methodologies for major releases. Type A procedures are specified by Natural Resources Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Environment (NRDAM/CME) of the U.S. CERCLA provides a legal 'legitimization for the use of economic-based nonmarket valuation in the courts and have introduced appropriate and accurate nonmarket valuation methods based on willingness to-pay for damage assessment. By briefly reviewing economic theory and environmental legislation, we hope to help provide a better understanding of the compensation process and the economics of publicly owned marine resources in the U.S. and to integrate the economics and law of natural resources valuation into a single comprehensive package in Korea.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1993

Most developing countries are experiencing rapid urbanization and the associated growth of industry and services. Cities are currently absorbing two-thirds of the total population in the developing world. Korea has about 85 percent of urban dwellers. World population will shift from being predominantly rural to predominantly urban around the turn of the century. Although cities play a key role in development process and make more than a proportionate contribution to national economic growth, especially cities are also the main catalysts of economic growth in developing countries, they can also be unhealthy, inefficient, and inequitable places to live. Most developing countries are increasingly unable to provide basic environmental infrastructure and services, whether in the megacities or in secondary urban centers. Of particular concern is the strain on natural resources brought by the increasing number of people, cars, and factories. They are generating ever greater amounts of urban wastes and emissions. They also exceed the capacity of regulatory authorities to control them and of nature to assimilate them. The environmental consequences are translated into direct negative impacts on human health, the quality of life, the productivity of the city, and the surrounding ecosystems. Environmental degradation threatens the long tenn availability and quality of natural resources critical to economic growth. Cities, with their higher and growing per capita energy use for domestic, industrial, and transport purpose also contribute a disproportionate share of the emission leading to global warming and acid rain. An important priority is to develop strategic approaches for managing the urban environment. The design of appropriate and lasting strategic responses requires first an understanding of the underlying causes of urban environmental deterioration, it is necessary that longer tenn objectives should be set for urban area to avoid irreversible ecological damage and to ensure lasting economic development. As a means to the preventive policies against the adverse effect, environmental impact assessment (EIA) serve to identify a project's possible environmental consequences early enough to allow their being taken into consideration in the decision making process for urban planning. This paper describes some considerations of EIA for urban planning-scoping, assessment process, measurement and prediction of impacts, pollution controls and supervision, and system planning for environmental preservation.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2009

This paper provides two case studies of environmental impacts with socio-economic values. The first case is on flood protection levees conducted from 2003 to 2004 in Phu Tan district, An Giang province. The impacts were found by comparing full flood protection levees area (FFPL) to non-full flood protection levees area (NFFPL). Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools per each group of rich, middle, and poor people were used to list the impacts. Then, major impacts were selected by ranking and interviewing 60 households per site, and assessed by Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) in rice production from 1996 to 2002 between two areas. The tested research indicated moving system of NFFPL to that of FFPL lost about 11 million VND/ha/year. The second case is on impacts of Penaeid shrimp farming conducted in Duyen Hai District, Tra Vinh Province in 2004-2005. Ninety households and 12 local officials were interviewed. Four PRAs were conducted and 36 water samples were taken inside and outside shrimp pond to measure values of DO, COD, Fe total, TSS, N-$NO_3{^-}$, N-$NH_4{^+}$, P-$PO{_4}^{3-}$, and Chlorophyll-a. Research results showed only 36.7% of the households got profit from shrimp farming. Highest financial efficiency was 0.72 for the semi-intensive system. Tested water indicators showed surface water quality did not match Vietnamese standard for surface water in coastal area (TCVN 5943-1995) and in rain. The water was very muddy and contaminated by organic aluminum. Summarily, the impacts were clarified more obviously via adding socio-economic values to assessment. Importantly, the values were transformed to household's income which is an indicator for policy-makers to consider the impacts obviously. Besides, data of different group of people impacted are cases contributing to consideration of the impacts in an appropriate social level.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2014

The integration of FC (Fuel Cell) and GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump) hybrid system could produce a synergistic advantage in thermal and electric way. This study intends to analyse the economical aspect of a FC integrated GSHP hybrid system compared to the conventional system which is consisted with a boiler and a chiller. Based on the hourly simulation, the study indicated that GSHP system and FC+GSHP hybrid system could reduce the energy consumption on a building. The method of the economic assessment has been based on IEA ECBCS Annex 54 Subtask C SPB(Simple Payback) method. The SPB was calculated using the economic balanced year of the alternative system over the conventional (reference) system. The SPB of the alternative systems (GSHP and FC+GSHP) with 50% initial incentive was 4.06 and 26.73 year respectively while the SPB without initial incentive of systems was 10.71 and 57.76 year.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.384-392
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• 2015

This paper presents an economic assessment of large-scale Li-ion battery energy storage systems applied to Korean power system. There are many applications of the battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and they can provide various benefits to power systems. We consider BESSs to the energy time-shift application to Korean power system and evaluate the benefits from the application of BESS in the social perspective. The mixed integer programming (MIP) algorithm is used to resolve the optimal operation schedule of the BESS. The social benefits can include the savings of the fuel cost from generating units, deferral effects of the generation capacity, delay of transmission and distribution infra construction, and incremental CO2 emission cost impacts, etc. The economic evaluation of the BESS is separately applied into Korean power systems of the Main-land and Jeju island to reflect the differences of the load and generation patterns.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.621-628
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• 2009

The objectives of this study are to analyze the performance of a river water-source heat pump and to carry out economic assessment for the heat pump. The COP of the river water-source heat pump was 3-21% higher than that of the air-source heat pump because river water provides stable operating temperature compared with air temperature throughout the year. The economic analysis was carried out by comparing the initial and operating cost of the river water-source heat pump with those of the conventional air-source heat pump. The ratio of the life cycle operating cost to the life cycle cost increased with the increase of building capacity. The payback period was found to be less than 3.5 years when the capacity of the river water-source heat pump was larger than 10 RT.