• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.5 s.114
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• pp.99-111
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• 2007

The purpose of this study were to identity face satisfaction and make-up behavior according to their lifestyles of middle aged women. The subjects were 350 women of 40 - 59 years old. The results of this study were as follow: 1. Lifestyle factors of middle aged women were self confidence, leisure activities, interests in appearance, economical efficiency, conservatism, and value-orientation. They were classified into four types of dignified & appearance interested group, passive stagnated group, unconfident & economic group, and value-oriented & leisure group according to their lifestyles. 2. They were satisfied with their eyes, lips, and eyebrows, but not satisfied with face tone, face shape, and skin texture. Total face satisfaction level was over average. The face satisfaction level of dignified & appearance interested group and value-oriented & leisure group were higher than other groups, but that of passive stagnated group was the lowest. 3. They pursued internal beauty and natural makeup, and did not follow trendy colors. Dignified & appearance interested group pursued characteristic, elegant, changeable, and various make-up colors, but value-oriented & leisure group pursued more various, changeable, and trendy colors. They did not prefer trendy products because of high price. Dignified & appearance interested group and unconfident & economic group were highly price-oriented, but value-oriented & leisure group purchased trendy products. 4. Dignified & appearance interested group included working women with not much income, but passive stagnated group included low-educated and non-working women. Unconfident & economic group included low-educated non-working women with not much income, but value-oriented & leisure group included highly-educated working women with high income.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.5 s.118
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• pp.84-99
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• 2006

The traditional temples located in national parks have various functions, such as religious practice, tourist destination, and conservation for cultural and natural resources. One functions have implicit monetary values in terms of public benefits. The purpose of this study was to estimate both use and non-use conservation values for two traditional temples, Sinheungsa and Haeinsa, using the contingent valuation method. In the study, both single-bounded and double-bounded dichotomous choice methods were used in an application of Turnbull distribution-free model. A total of 659 visitors were interviewed, 350 in Sinheungsa and 309 in Haeinsa. The mean WTP (willingness to pay) for Sinheungsa using single-bounded method was 4,040 Won for the use value, 6,157 Won for the cultural conservation value, and 5,624 Won for the natural conservation value. The mean WTP for Haeinsa using single-bounded method was 6,463 Won for the use value, 8,769 Won for the cultural conservation value, and 8,013 Won for the natural conservation value. The total economic value of each temple accounted for 50% (Sinheungsa) and 80% (Haeinsa) of the total economic value of the associated national park. It was also found that the single-bounded method was more conservative than the double-bounded method in terms of value estimation. The WTP was highest for the cultural conservation value and lowest for the use values in both temples, with natural conservation values falling in the middle, which showed that people perceived traditional temples as the cultural heritage. Based on these results, it was suggested that traditional temples should be designated as an 'multiple heritage area' so that conservation can be used as the main criteria for various use programs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.284-284
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• 2009

EFA production systems have through necessity resulted in the development of innovative practices for weed, pest and diseases control, for example, using ducks and snails for weed control in paddy fields. These practices began to be introduced in the early 1990's and the techniques have become more popular and have been adapted to suit regional conditions. In this study, the production practices, productivity and economic performances of organic and non-chemical rice farming adopting ducks and snails for weed control were compared. In the production practices, Korean organic and non-chemical farming seem to have several concerns in terms of sustainability. It comprises lack of resistant variety use and rotational cropping system as well as high dependency upon external inputs such as organic fertilizer and farming materials for pest control. The production level of organic farming is approximately similar level but 20% higher income than non-chemical farming, while, when it was compared with conventional farming organic farming showed 20% lower productivity but 20% higher income. Organic farming shows 15% to 18% higher profits than non-chemical farming as the snail-using organic farming tends to have higher income and lower input costs than duck-using organic farming. This may encourage more farmers to convert to organic production using these techniques than simply non-chemical farming in the future. This organic conversion could be more promoted by policy intervention. However, it may result in increased supply and therefore decreased prices for organic rice in the long term unless further market demand occurs. Balanced policy measures considering production as well as marketing and consumption are urgently required for the sustainable development of organic farming.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.6
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• pp.891-899
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to estimate economic value of forest landscape function using conditional logit model, applied by Choice Experiment. For the study, we have chosen attributes and levels of forest landscape. In specific, topographical forest type, forest type, forest density, recreational factor (side trip, accessibility of valley) and WTP were included in attributes. Based on factors, we have made 48 choice sets with Balanced and Orthogonal form using SAS 9.1. The efficiency of questionnaire was 6.02 (D-Error: 0.1) and choice set and socio-economic variable were selected. In order to reduce cognitive load of respondent, 96 choice sets were divided into 4 types in questionnaire so that respondent could respond to 12 choice sets respectively. Population was citizens from 7 metropolitan cities including Seoul, and the interview survey was conducted to find out average annual WTP per household for the total 280 interviewees. As a result, In the Non-ASC model, Mcfadden' ${\rho}$ had 0.21, and Log Likelihood: -2,631. Average annual WTP per household for forest landscape was 266,723 Won(Korean currency).

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.543-551
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• 2012

Objectives : School-age children have mixed dentition and are sensitive to dental caries. Their dental condition is more important as it is directly related with oral health in their life, and parents' attention and education are necessary as the children can not manage their oral health voluntarily. Methods : To evaluate the effect of parents' occupational status on the oral health of children, this study conducted a questionnaire survey and analyzed the results along with the results of oral examination with 952 students and their parents of an elementary school located in Ulsan conducting school oral health projects on May, 2009. Results : As dental caries prevalence rate recorded 33.7%, 56.8% and 66.9% in non-dual income, professional dual income and non-professional dual income families, respectively, the rate of children of dual income families was significantly higher than that of non-dual income ones (p<0.05). Conclusions : For professional dual income families, although working mothers contribute to economic stability, they took less time to care or to educate their children compared to no-working mothers so that they need to pay more attention to oral health of children. In addition, more interest to and education for children of non-professional dual income families showing relatively lower socio-economic level and lack of time for children, were also necessary in school projects on oral health education and prevention.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1984

The pattern of economic integration in the broiler industry can be grouped into three categories; 1) non-integration, 2) quasi-integration and 3) complete-integration. It is general to see that the non-integration is quite common under the market conditions of perfect competition, whereas the complete integration is more preferable in the imperfect competition. The quasi-integration, however, exists at all phases where the complete integration is not fully formed and implemented, but the non-integration has begun to alter its nature into integrated structure. The broiler industry in Korea has been characterized with the typically non-integrated independent operation, resulting in considerable price fluctuation and unstable industry as a whole. As a means of solving out the problem stemed from the non-integrated, growers and agribusinessmen involved in broiler industry have tended to develope the regular customer relationship prevailed between two parties. In fact, it has been practiced for years that most growers have been dealt with factor suppliers or processors on a regular basis for advantages of better price and quality, useful information, management help and so forth. Under the customary transaction, no formal contract has been made due to simple buyers and sellers relations, not like the one used to be performed in the form of contractual agreement. The broiler industry realizes the direction to go ahead toward the formal arrangement of integrated system from current regular transactions. As more Vowers, suppliers and processors recognize the necessity of it, the non-integrated industry appears to become the partially integrated by developing the existing customer relationship in such a way that functions of integrators are. further expanded and better organized. As a result, a type of quasi-integration started to show up by an integrator dominated in the field of hatching, feedmilling, dressing and by a grower's coop, It is concluded, therefore, that the evolution of quasi-integration in Korea's broiler industry is continuously taking place, implying the close approach to the completely integrated broiler production and marketing system.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.273-309
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• 2021

The development of regulatory systems varies between transition and non-transition economies. This suggests that they provide different incentives for entrepreneurial development and could have varied effects on the economy because they have different methods to deal with market failure. However, limited empirical evidence exists to prove the assumption of dichotomy. Using comprehensive data for institutional quality, labor market and financial market development, this research sought to analyze their effect on employment growth at micro level. The results show that the quality of institutions in transition economies are poorer relative to those in non-transition economies, but their financial and labor markets are more developed than the latter. Further analysis for the transition sample shows that the three variables are individually positively related with employment growth. For the non-transition sample, institutional quality and labor market flexibility bear a positive and significant effect on employment. Financial market development enters the model with a negative coefficient when regressed alone, but a joint test of significance finds that all the variables have a positive effect on employment growth. This result could imply that there is interdependence between institutional quality, labor flexibility and financial market development in firm-employment-growth relationship, or complementarity between regulations and the quality of institutions. Alternatively, this finding suggests that a stringently regulated credit market in non-transition economies have a selection effect-allocating credit only to entrepreneurs who already demonstrate strong growth potential. In sum, despite differences in the evolution of regulatory environment between the two samples, both of them complement employment growth at firm level. The overall implication of these findings is that less rigid regulations and coherent policies that are enforced with impartiality provide incentives for firms to expand.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.867-873
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find analytic solution of determining the optimal capacity (lot-size) of multiproduct acyclic multistage production and inventory system to meet the finished product demand under the constraint of finite intermediate storage. Intermediate storage is a practical way to mitigate the material flow imbalance through the line of supply and demand chain. However, the cost of constructing and operating storage facilities is becoming substantial because of increasing land value, environmental and safety concern. Therefore, reasonable decision-making about the capacity of processes and storage units is an important subject for industries. The industrial solution for this subject is to use the classical economic lot sizing method, EOQ/EPQ(Economic Order Quantity/Economic Production Quantity) model, incorporated with practical experience. But EOQ/EPQ model is not suitable for the chemical plant design with highly interlinked processes and storage units because it is developed based on single product and single stage. This study overcomes the limitation of the classical lot sizing method. The superstructure of the plant consists of the network of serially and/or parallelly interlinked non-continuous processes and storage units. The processes transform a set of feedstock materials into another set of products with constant conversion factors. A novel production and inventory analysis method, PSW(Periodic Square Wave) model, is applied to describe the detail material flows among equipments. The objective function of this study is minimizing the total cost composed of setup and inventory holding cost. The advantage of PSW model comes from the fact that the model provides a set of simple analytic solutions in spite of realistic description of the material flows between processes and storage units. the resulting simple analytic solution can greatly enhance the proper and quick investment decision for the preliminary plant design problem confronted with economic situation.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.461-467
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• 2009

This paper provides two case studies of environmental impacts with socio-economic values. The first case is on flood protection levees conducted from 2003 to 2004 in Phu Tan district, An Giang province. The impacts were found by comparing full flood protection levees area (FFPL) to non-full flood protection levees area (NFFPL). Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools per each group of rich, middle, and poor people were used to list the impacts. Then, major impacts were selected by ranking and interviewing 60 households per site, and assessed by Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) in rice production from 1996 to 2002 between two areas. The tested research indicated moving system of NFFPL to that of FFPL lost about 11 million VND/ha/year. The second case is on impacts of Penaeid shrimp farming conducted in Duyen Hai District, Tra Vinh Province in 2004-2005. Ninety households and 12 local officials were interviewed. Four PRAs were conducted and 36 water samples were taken inside and outside shrimp pond to measure values of DO, COD, Fe total, TSS, N-$NO_3{^-}$, N-$NH_4{^+}$, P-$PO{_4}^{3-}$, and Chlorophyll-a. Research results showed only 36.7% of the households got profit from shrimp farming. Highest financial efficiency was 0.72 for the semi-intensive system. Tested water indicators showed surface water quality did not match Vietnamese standard for surface water in coastal area (TCVN 5943-1995) and in rain. The water was very muddy and contaminated by organic aluminum. Summarily, the impacts were clarified more obviously via adding socio-economic values to assessment. Importantly, the values were transformed to household's income which is an indicator for policy-makers to consider the impacts obviously. Besides, data of different group of people impacted are cases contributing to consideration of the impacts in an appropriate social level.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2021

Objectives This study is aimed to evaluate cost-effectiveness of treatment of Korean Medicine for whiplash associated disorders (WAD) and to suggest the direction of future research. Methods We searched papers in Pubmed database to use some keywords indicating whiplash injury syndrome, treatment of Korean Medicine and cost-effectiveness. After searching, appropriate papers were selected depending on the exclusion criteria. The selected papers were analyzed in the sections of author, publication year, intervention and control groups, outcome measurement, the list including in the cost, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and study design. Results Four studies about effect of Korean medicine and 3 studies about economic evaluation were finally included. Acupuncture was effective for balance disorder and neck pain. Economic evaluation studies used analytical decision model or cost-consequence analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis using visual analog scale and cost-utility analysis using quality adjusted life years were performed. Initiating timing of proper management affected the consequence of treatments. Direct and indirect medical costs including supportive devices, and non-medical costs such as litigation were considered. Conclusions We conclude that studies haven't been conducted so far to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Korean Medicine in whiplash injury syndrome. Thus, future studies are needed in this section.