• Advances in nano research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.303-311
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• 2024

This paper conducts a thorough economic evaluation of integrating nanoparticles into concrete structures within the construction industry, aiming to elevate the material properties of concrete. Employing the Halpin-Tsai micromechanics theory for deriving the effective material properties of the nanocomposite concrete structure, the research investigates the nuanced impact of nanoparticles on various mechanical properties, including the modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and their indirect effects on the percentage of reinforcement. Implementing the Euler theory to formulate the governing equation based on Hamilton's principle, the study delves into the pricing dynamics of nanoparticles and their influence on the overall cost structure of concrete structures. Notably, the findings reveal that a measured increase in the volume percentage of nanoparticles, up to 1%, results in a remarkable 78% improvement in elastic modulus and a substantial 142% reduction in armature percentage. Remarkably, from an economic perspective, the incremental cost associated with the integration of nanoparticles is relatively modest (around $1 per ton of concrete), considering the substantial enhancements in mechanical properties achieved.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.83-101
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• 2008

This research performs a multi comparison between the age of old households and the economic structure according to accommodation type as well as analyzing the economical structural difference of each type based on the features of aged households. The paper classified aged households into 3 groups according to age distribution. The economic structure analysis according to the age of old households and accommodation type was shown as follow: First, the economical structural analysis based on the age of old households showed a statistical difference in the total, labor, business, property and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, the non-business income and liabilities did not show a significant difference. Second, in the analysis of different economic earnings and initial expenses of middle-aged households according to the age distribution group showed a disparity in the total, labor, business, property, and transfer income variables according to the age of each sample group. However, aged households showed a statistical difference in total, labor, business and transfer income variables. Third, in the analysis of difference in the expense provision and size of consumption, there was a statistical difference in the expense variables of total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication. Fourth, in the analysis of difference in the size of consumption expense, the initial and middle-aged households showed a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, communication, and consumption expense variables. However, the analysis of aged households has shown a statistical difference in the total consumption, food, dining out, electricity, water, furniture, kitchen supplies, clothing, shoe, education, culture, entertainment, transportation, and communication expense variables. The study found a statistical difference in the expense for hygienics that did not appear in the initial and middle-aged households.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2003

This study analyzed the objective indicators of household economic structures, such as income, expenditure, and debts, as well as a subjective evaluation of economic standards, and compared the households of commuting couples (so called Weekend couples) with those of non-commuting couples. Findings of this study are as follows. First, both husbands and wives in commuter marriages had a higher level of education, were younger, had poorer health, and had shorter working hours than the couples in non-commuter marriages. Second, commuting couples had a significantly higher income than non-commuting couples. In addition, commuting couples had a greater amount of savings, had a higher cost of living, and lower debts than non-commuting couples. Third, commuting couples evaluated their status of household economy more negatively than non-commuting couples. Despite the fact that the commuting couples were more affluent in terms of the objective indicators, including income, savings, and assets, their level of health and psychological well-being were compromised. Lastly, factors determining commuter marriages were the number of years the husband has spent in his job, and the husband's level of education. The shorter the tenure of the husband's job, and the higher the level of husband's education, the more likely the couple was in a commuter marriage.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.133-190
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• 2014

We have examined its current economic conditions and status of the Bangsamoro in Mindanao and derived some important policy recommendation to build the future development plan. For this purpose, we first estimate the economic size and GRDP per capita and investigate next several economic and social indicators such as poverty rate and industrial structure. We find that the Bangsamoro is the least developed region in Philippines whose average income is the lowest and whose poverty rate is the highest in the Philippines. In addition, its industrial structure is very falling behind. Applying simple theory of economic growth, we find that several economic reasons such as lack of private and public investment caused by the political instability, high illiterate rate and less education, incapability of local government account for it. As a result, several policy recommendations are suggested to make the development plan of the Bangsamoro. First, the plan should be very comprehensive and second, it should be a very sustainable one equipped with the long run one and short run one. Third, the plan should be harmonized with that of the central government and those of neighboring local governments. Fourth, it should exploit the assistance of international development organization.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.33-68
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to test the market timing hypothesis and impact of macro economic variables on capital structure choice as well as the traditional static trade-off and pecking order theories of capital structure in a integrated framework. Through a two stage test of target capital structure and capital structure choice, none of theories was consistently supported, but most of them were partly supported. In the first stage analysis of target ratio, coefficients of firm-specific variables generally supported the predictions of pecking order theory rather than those of the static trade-off theory. However, the result of the second stage test on capital structure choice supported the hypothesis of the static trade-off theory, which claims that firms usually set and pursue the target leverage ratio. Further, the result of the seconde stage shows that a simple pecking oder theory does not hold because firms with deficit of internal fund tend to issue bonds rather than stocks to raise outside fund. Also, the result indicates that the market timing hypothesis holds because firms with over-valued stocks tend to issue stocks rather than bonds. However, contrary to Korajczyk and Levy(2003), the impact of macro economic variables such as term or credit spreads on capital structure choice was negligible, and the impact of macro economic and market timing hypothesis variables were not greater in financially unconstrained firms as Korajczyk and Levy(2003) suggested.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.99-125
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• 2002

Fisheries cooperative requires dual characteristics in performing its original function. Economic characteristic as an business enterprise and democratic characteristic as cooperative entity need to complete its objectives and survive in the complex rapidly-changing environment. After IMF crisis, fisheries cooperative received enormous government's financial support and credit-business department is perfectly under government's control. Regional fisheries cooperative also faces business failure, therefore pure cooperative movement can't save the fisheries cooperative. Economic characteristic as an business enterprise is more emphasized than democratic characteristic as cooperative entity in recent years. The theory of corporate ownership and governance can be applied to explain the ownership and governance of fisheries cooperative because fisheries cooperative is now similar to an business enterprise. During the IMF crisis the board, the auditors and the minority shareholders in business enterprise were revealed to be powerless against the mighty influence of controlling shareholders. Unconstrained discretion exercised by those controlling shareholders not only led to the firms'insolvency, but also brought down the country's financial system. During the past few years, Korea has experienced many institutional changes regarding its corporate governance structure. The introduction of outside directors, the strengthening of minority shareholders' rights, and enhanced accounting transparency are achieved to improve the efficiency of economic system. Investors, including institutional and individual, also seem to be more aware of governance issues now. Credit-business department of fisheries cooperative is recommended to introduce the institutions same as the case of the corporate governance structure. Fisheries cooperative except economic and credit-business department requires other prescriptions because it is emphasized as democratic cooperative entity. But we should be careful to interpret the ownership and governance structure because they are products of nations, eras and organizations.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.182-196
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• 2007

EU has pursued of the economic growth and the promotion of jobs by a free movement of workers. The free labour mobility brings a sustainable economic development through the creating jobs and the acquisition of a new knowledge and technology, but it also produces the geographical unequality of the movement of workers. And the enlargement of the EU redistributes geographically the flow of labour mobility. The flow of labour movement within EU changes to the structure of mobility that moves from the North to the North instead of the movement from the South to the North as an economic development in the South and an economic transformation to the service and hightech industry in the North. The mobility of unskilled workers has diminished, but the mobility of expert workers has increased. The flow of labour movement within EU has a structure hierarchic that the experts labour move from the North to the North, and the unskilled labour move from the South to the North and from the northern Africa to the South of Europe.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.394-394
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• 2023

The world's sustainable growth is being severely hampered by the inefficient use of water resources. Despite the widely acknowledged importance of trade in global and regional water and food security, societal reliance on local production as well as international trade remains inadequately assessed. Therefore, using South Korea as a case study, this study fills in this research gap by applying the virtual water concept, the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) method, and the Tapio decoupling model. The virtual water concept was used to estimate South Korea's net virtual water trade for major grain crops from 1992 to 2017. Then, the LMDI method was utilized to assess the driving factors causing changes in net virtual water trade. Lastly, the Tapio decoupling model was used to investigate the decoupling relationships between economic growth and the driving factors of net virtual water trade. Results showed that South Korea remains a net importer of virtual water flows with respect to grain crops, with an average import of 16,559.24 million m³ over the study period. In addition, the change in net virtual water trade could be attributed to water intensity effect, product structure effect, economic effect, and population effect. However, water intensity and economic effects were the major decisive factors for decrease and increase in net virtual water trade respectively, while the population and product structure effects had minor positive influences on the net virtual water trade. Furthermore, water intensity and economic growth showed a strong decoupling in most periods, while the decoupling state between product structure and economic growth was observed as expansive negative decoupling. Likewise, population size and economic growth showed a weak decoupling in most periods. The results reveal South Korea's status as it concerns the virtual water trade of grain crops, thus providing valuable insights into the sustainability of trade activities for the management of local water resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.13-22
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• 2002

Put by purpose to study about habitat of apartment house which is necessity of redevelopment that is not doing role of superannuation apartment house and worker apartment in the Geumsan county in this research. 1) social element : Legal element, surrounding environment 2) element construction enemy : Construction plan, building equipment, Construction structure Slump of economic structure Geum-san area apartment house and dwelling environment by deterioration of building are considered that need.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2001

The purpose of this paper was to study the plans for expanding sustainable consumption. Three plans for expanding sustainable consumption were discussed. That is, 1) the plans for expanding consumer awareness of sustainable consumption, 2) for constructing green infra-structure over the country, and 3) for driving economic motives of sustainable consumption were discussed in detail.