• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.211-211
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• 2022

The marketization reform from the open-door policy in 1978 was not only booming export-oriented industries with foreign investment but also expanding the role of private actors in the Chinese water sector. Private Sector Participation (PSP) has become an important element in developing urban infrastructure by providing better services with advanced facilities. The rapid development of PSP-driven urban water infrastructure in China has a positive impacted on Chinese economic development, particularly in coastal areas. PPPs in some coastal areas have successfully spread out over China since China applied the first Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) mode in the water sector in the early 1990s. The market-oriented water and wastewater, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mechanism in the initial period of China has been transformed into a state-dominated PPP mechanism. The development pattern of the water and wastewater PPPs in China has been divided in four stages: the first period from 1984 to 2002, the second period from 2003 to 2008, the third period from 2009 to 2014, and the last period after 2015. The study aims to investigate the successful process of water and wastewater PPPs in local areas through five socioeconomic elements: export-oriented economic strategy, urbanization, cheap land policy, infrastructure investment, and water issues and climate change. In addition, the study focuses on analyzing the extent to which the Chinese government re-asserted its control over the PPP mechanism by classifying five elements in three different development Phases from early 2000 to 2020. The Jiangsu Province in the estern coastal area has actively invited PPP projects in the water and wastewater sectors. The successful introduction and rapid growth of PPPs in the urban water infrastructure has made the province an attractive area for a foreign investor.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.309-330
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• 2013

Trans-Pacific Partnership started as a small scale 4 countries regional trade agreement. It became a grand free trade agreement when the United States announced its participation and Japn considers to join. Korea still hasn't decided the stance however, considering the economic and political relationship with the United States and the impact of TPP, it looks like that Korea is going to join TPP. US led the TPP agreement is expected to be made based on the previous FTA agreements of the US. In the promising E-Commerce part, it is likely that the e-commerce leading US would suggest favorable agreement. If Korea joins the TPP, it's necessary to suggest what Korea wants and needs based on the previous KORUS FTA to promote Korean e-commerce for the future.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.665-691
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• 2011

The implementation of an place-based rural policy requires changes in the intra-governmental relations and between the public and private sectors and civil society. Over the past decades, Japan has been increasingly devolving and decentralizing public responsibilities and resources to sub-national government levels. There is assumption that such transfers produce more efficiency in terms of public management and create better conditions for economic development. At the same time, these transfer respond to new expectations of citizens and civil society to participate more closely in the democratic decision-making process. Coordination is also needed at the local level to integrate sectoral approaches, to involve private partners and to achieve the appropriate geographic scale. Local public and private actors join a partnership and pool knowledge and resources. This type of local partnership is characterized by the participation of different actors, including municipalities, sub-regional government institution and development agencies. The participation of private actors(private firms, cooperatives, associations, non-profit organizations, farm organizations, other categories organizations, etc,) is also important.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.198-201
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• 2007

Currently, both Korea and Japan have cooperated to get a foothold in economic major countries in the Asia through the various economic cooperation and the overcoming of cultural difference in cultural interchanges between two countries. However, in the present age, two countries are on the other road in historical view and conception; the final report over 3 year studies by the two countries' history study partnership commission shows the above views; while Korea has been in base of Japan colonialization's unjustification, Japan has been in base of its facts. The aboves have proved that Japan has not taken an honest self examination and conscience over the history. Accordingly, Japan resistance volunteer memorial is proposed as the educational place to carry down the martyr's holy patriotism in later ages and practice its spirit by learning the resistance volunteer resistance volunteer movement, which focused on resisting the Japan invasion and fighting the independence.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-91
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• 2022

Recent years have witnessed renewed interest in Africa and public diplomacy has emerged as the vital tool being used to cultivate these relations. China has been leading in pursuing stronger economic partnership with Africa while middle powers such as Korea are also intensifying engagement with the continent. While previous studies have analyzed the implications of China's activities in Africa on advanced powers, none has examined them from the paradigm of middle powers. This study fills this gap by assessing China's activities in Africa, their economic engagement and implications for Korea's interest in Africa. The analysis is qualitative based on secondary data from various sources and literature. The study shows that China's public diplomacy strategy involves a high degree of innovation and has evolved to encompass new tools and audiences. China has institutionalized a cooperative model that permeates many aspects of governance institutions in Africa, enabling it to strengthen their relations. This could also be helping China to adjust faster leadership transitions in Africa. Whereas the US is still the most influential country in Africa, China is influential in economic policies and has outstripped the US in infrastructure diplomacy. This could be because African policy makers align more with China's economic model than the US' mainstream economics. Chinese aid to Africa has been diversified to social sectors that are more responsive to the needs of Africa. Trade and investment relations between China and Africa have deepened, but so does trade imbalance since 2010. China mainly imports natural resources and raw materials from Africa. But this product portfolio is not different from Korea and the US. China's energetic insertion in Africa using various strategies has significant implications for countries with ambitions in Africa. Korea can achieve its ambitions in Africa by focusing resources in areas it can leverage its core strengths-such as education and vocational training, environmental policy and development cooperation.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.600-617
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• 2008

Current rural development polices in Korea consist of three programs, namely: integrated rural community development, rural tourism development, and community based industry development. Within these areas, national and local policies have often concentrated on trying to encourage ‘bottom-up’ development revolving around the commodification of cultural or amenity resources. In important ways, the three categories of rural development programs are more of a community development program than an economic development program. In Korea, it is true to say that governmental decisionmaking is slowly being influenced in terms of community, self-reliance and self-help, which are gradually creeping into the discussion on rural development. I suggest that the planning process itself had to include broad public participation and partnership and bottom-up approaches, not merely the product of a planning office or consulting firm.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2022

The study aims to investigate Lebanese-Chinese relations within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. Lebanon formally joined the effort in 2017; this paper emphasizes Lebanon's geostrategic importance. The paper presents an assessment of the investment risks in Lebanon, which is considered an economically unstable country with a volatile security situation, with many internal and external political hurdles. The paper refers to the obstacles and challenges that the Chinese investor may face in Lebanese society. The study employs qualitative descriptive analysis to address the status of Chinese investment in Lebanon and the consequences of this partnership; the paper examines previous research related to the Belt and Road Initiative and the Lebanese political, security, and economic situation literature. Due to the deteriorating security situation, external intervention, and the economic crisis, the results reveal that Lebanon is not a top investment priority for China, which is a big impediment to China entering into economic cooperation with Lebanon. The findings of this study suggest that the Lebanese government should adopt an anti-corruption policy to build confidence for the Chinese investor, reduce unnecessary public spending, and hold a national dialogue to build confidence among the Lebanese parties.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

Purpose - Current society is competitive society. Rules of the game is applied to every kind of aspects not only business but also academic matters. This research is to analyze competitiveness between China and USA by use of trade related data together with revealed comparative advantage index(RCA) including trade specialization index(TSI). Research design, data, methodology - Per economic phase, both China-USA have mutually complementary character. That's why it is significant to analyze this 2 country's important industry. From our economic viewpoint, Both 2 economic powers should cooperate to achieve partnership in the steel business industry under the severe business competition. Results - This paper will provide which country is more comparatively advantage in case international business is held. Especially, steel industry is in a sense technology related business. Therefore, tied-up up-to-date advanced know-how and technology should be developed to be a leader for one of major industries in the world market. Conclusion - Among those various phenomena, this paper categorizes international business and research boundary is international trade contract. It is available to find out how to cooperate securing permanent and reliable business provider and supplier is essential and eminent for the successful accomplishment in the world steel market.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.182-182
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• 2023

Since China adopted Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the 1980s, China has relied on water PPPs to expand appropriate water facilities.. According to the World Bank data from 1994 to 2020, the top five provinces hosted over 40 percent of total PPPs, with four of them located in the Huadong area and one in the Henan area. A vast gap exists between the group attracting the most PPPs and the group hosting the least. This study explores Guangdong and Shandong provinces, which have led most PPPs in China. Coincidently, these areas are also famous for the typical areas to show the Chinese economic policy after the open-door policy. They have achieved economic development and rapid urbanization rates based on the large scale of Foreign Direct Investment inflow and export-oriented manufacturing industry, as well as their active participation in PPPs over the last thirty years. An economic approach can provide valuable insights into the development of water infrastructure. Adequate urban infrastructure has been shown to impact local economic development positively. Water infrastructure also provides a basic and sustainable environment for economic activities by satisfying more water usage, improving the efficiency of the water supply, and reducing water pollution caused by industrial activities. However, it remains only partially understood without inclusive research on the issues related to water resources in each province. For instance, existing studies have been limited to explaining slightly different patterns of water PPPs between Guangdong and Shandong at the beginning of the PPP era. This study aims to elucidate the development pattern of water PPPs in each province from multi-dimensional aspects. Therefore, the study will help understand why China boosted the development of the private water market.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2019

Purpose - The study aims to substantiate the approaches and principles of forming a model of social and labor relations adequate to the modern conditions of economic development. Research design, data, and methodology - The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of social and labor relations in the labor market of Kazakhstan; describes the current model of labor relations and its basic parameters; determines the external and internal factors; specifically, the influence of the new labor law on its further development in the direction of democratization and the establishment of social partnership as a regulatory institution in the labor relations field. Result - Result is the model of the system of social and labor relations proposed by the author, which allows us to cover the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon, to unite the influence of the external environment and the internal complex of their mutual relations and interdependencies. Conclusion - The creation of an effective model of social and labor relations should proceed from the multifaceted nature of their manifestation. This means that the theoretical and methodological basis for their formation should be a comprehensive approach to solving the problems of transformation and interaction of social and economic components.