• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.793-801
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• 2013

Our society is moving from a monocultural society of a homogeneous nation to a multi-cultural society as a lot of foreigners are flowing into the country with the advent of globalization and with an effort to secure labor force for economic growth. So, multi-cultural families composed of members using different languages spring up everywhere, but the children in these multi-cultural families have difficulties in acquiring Korean language and are socially maladjusted because of the bilingual environment. The goal of this study is to help enhance the language capabilities and socialities of the children in the multi-cultural families through fine arts using artistic methods. The study method was to analyze the high-quality effects of the fine arts with the theoretical research materials and theses showing the real conditions of the multi-cultural families. And I proposed some ways to improve the linguistic abilities and socialities of the children in the multi-cultural families with the utilization of fine arts. As a result, Firstly, An active use of the bilingual instructors and artistic multimedia is educationally necessary to overcome language restrictions. Secondly, Various ways to utilize fine arts are necessary to improve learning abilities of other subjects. Thirdly, Artistic plays and experiential activities need to be largely applied to education to enhance the abilities of emotional control and socialities. Finally, Integrated culture and art education is essential not only for creativities and socialities but also for personalities for community life.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.240-244
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• 2013

Although forward osmosis desalination technology has drawn substantial attention as a next-generation desalination method, the energy efficiency of its draw solution treatment process should be improved for its commercialization. When ammonium bicarbonate is used as the draw solute, the system consists of forward-osmosis membrane modules, draw solution separation and recovery processes. Mixed gases of ammonia and carbon dioxide generated during the draws solution separation, need to be recovered to re-concentrate ammonium bicarbonate solution, for continuous operation as well as for the economic feasibility. The diluted ammonium bicarbonate solution has been proposed as the absorbent for the draw solution regeneration. In this study, experiments are conducted to investigate performance and features of the absorption corresponding to absorbent concentration. It is concluded that ammonium bicarbonate solution can be used to recover the generated ammonia and carbon dioxide. The results will be applied to design and operation of pilot-scale forward-osmosis desalination system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.561-566
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• 2008

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate nutritive value of cell mass from lysine production (CMLP) as a protein supplement for ruminants. In each experiment, animals were fed a diet containing 40% of forages and 60% of concentrates, mainly composed of rice straw and ground corn, respectively, to meet the maintenance requirements, and the diets were formulated to supply equal amounts of energy and nitrogen among treatments. In order to investigate the effect of CMLP on ruminal fermentation (Experiment 1), three Korean native goats weighing $26.1{\pm}1.4kg$ were allotted into individual cages with a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Each animal was fed one of three protein sources (CMLP, soybean meal (SBM), and urea). Rumen pH, bacterial and fungal counts, volatile fatty acid concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio were not significantly different among treatments. Concentration of propionate, however, was higher in SBM treatment (14.1 mM) than in CMLP (8.7 mM) or urea (9.3 mM) treatments. There was significantly more branch-chain volatile fatty acid production in CMLP (1.9 mM) and SBM (1.8 mM) treatments than in urea (1.3 mM) treatment. The number of protozoa was the highest in urea treatment, followed by CMLP and SBM treatment with significant differences. A metabolic trial (Experiment 2) was conducted to measure in vivo nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats fed CMLP and SBM. Two heavy ($35.0{\pm}1.2kg$) and two light ($25.0{\pm}0.9kg$) Korean native goats, caged individually, were used in this experiment. A heavy and a light animal were paired and supplemented with either CMLP or SBM. The animals fed CMLP showed a trend of lower total tract digestibility in all the nutrients measured; however, there was no statistical significance except for digestibility of ether extract. Nitrogen digestibility of CMLP was estimated to be about 7% units lower than that of SBM. There was a tendency for lower nitrogen retention in CMLP treatment (35.9%) compared to SBM treatment (42.3%). In summary, CMLP can be a good protein source for ruminant animals from nutritional and economic perspectives and may replace some, if not all, of SBM in a diet without losing nitrogen utilization efficiency. Further research is warranted for investigating the effect of CMLP fed with easily fermentable forage and the effective level of CMLP for replacing SBM.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.84-94
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• 2020

Modular architecture is very important not only in the design phase but also in the construction planning phase because it affects construction methods and module sizes depending on transport equipment. There are economic risks as well as quality, as there may be defects such as internal interiors or elimination of deadlines during transportation, and structural torsion caused by rainfall and shock. However, there is a lack of objective criteria or data to refer to in determining transport equipment that has a material effect on transport. Accordingly, there is no decision model to determine the optimum transportation equipment for each construction site. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a decision support model that can be compared to the review of transport equipment selection factors. The purpose of this study is to propose the transport equipment impact factors and decision support models for systematic review and objective decision making of each construction plan in the construction of small and medium-sized modulators. The decision model proposed in this study can be used as basic data for transport studies, ensuring objectivity and transparency in the equipment selection process.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1543-1555
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• 2000

Home health care is moving into a set of new realities. An era of competition and cost containment has arrived. Before nurses are able to contain costs or describe the relationship between nursing activities, cost must be accurately measured based on the nurse's workload. Nurses in home health care usually desire to measure expenses for one of three reasons : reimbursement, management, or research. The purpose of the study was to investigate the work input by Registered Nurse in each of the home health care activities by relative value units and identify the factors affecting the nurses' total work input in health care services. To measure the work input by nurses, work was defined by four dimensions: time, physical effort, mental effort, and stress. This study used a descriptive-correlational design. Data collection consisted of two phases. In phase I, data on home health activities performed by nurses were collected. In phase II, data on nurses' time, physical effort, mental effort, and stress in each of home health care activities discovered phase I were collected. In this method, the respondent was asked to rate a service in relation to a reference service using a ratio scale. The sample included 39 home health care nurses. The results of the study indicated that home health care activities performed by the nurses were in 10 categories and 69 items. Measuring the relative work inputs in each of home health care activities, and foley catheterization was selected as the reference to service. In terms of time and physical effort dimensions, full bath service was rated as the most strenuous among 69 activities by the respondents, and intramuscular injection was rated as least. It was found that emergency treatment required the highest mental effort and the highest stress, while blood sugar tests required the lowest mental effort. Approximately 91.3% of the variance in total work input was accounted for by the linear combination of time, physical effort, mental effort judgement, and stress. Examining the regression coefficients of those variables, physical effort, time, and stress were found as the predictors which were significantly associated with the total work of nurses in home health care. Professional nursing's next step in the conundrum of economic volatility is to develop a tool to reflect the interaction of functional deficiency and direct professional nursing care. And this will be a more accurate predictor of nursing resource use and ultimately a great forcaeter cost.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.147-155
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• 2012

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people comprise about 2.5% of the Australian population. Cancer registry data indicate that their breast cancer survivals are lower than for other women but the completeness and accuracy of Indigenous descriptors on registries are uncertain. We followed women receiving mammography screening in BreastScreen to determine differences in screening experiences and survivals from breast cancer by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, as recorded by BreastScreen. This status is self-reported and used in BreastScreen accreditation, and is considered to be more accurate. The study included breast cancers diagnosed during the period of screening and after leaving the screening program. Design: Least square regression models were used to compare screening experiences and outcomes adjusted for age, geographic remoteness, socio-economic disadvantage, screening period and round during 1996-2005. Survival of breast cancer patients from all causes and from breast cancer specifically was compared for the 1991-2006 diagnostic period using linked cancer-registry data. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for socio-demographic differences, screening period, and where available, tumour size, nodal status and proximity of diagnosis to time of screen. Results: After adjustment for socio-demographic differences and screening period, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women participated less frequently than other women in screening and re-screening although this difference appeared to be diminishing; were less likely to attend post-screening assessment within the recommended 28 days if recalled for assessment; had an elevated ductal carcinoma in situ but not invasive cancer detection rate; had larger breast cancers; and were more likely than other women to be treated by mastectomy than complete local excision. Linked cancer registry data indicated that five-year year survivals of breast cancer cases from all causes of death were 81% for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, compared with 90% for other women, and that the former had larger breast cancers that were more likely to have nodal spread at diagnosis. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors, tumour size, nodal spread and time from last screen to diagnosis, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women had approximately twice the risk of death from breast cancer as other women. Conclusions: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women have less favourable screening experiences and those diagnosed with breast cancer (either during the screening period or after leaving the screening program) have lower survivals that persist after adjustment for socio-demographic differences, tumour size and nodal status.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2014

Recently, many efforts related to the utilization of industrial by-products have been made to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the construction industry. Of these various efforts, concrete incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) provides many advantages compared to conventional concrete, such as high long-term compressive strength, improved durability and economic benefits because of its latent hydraulic property, and low compressive strength at early curing age. This paper investigates the compressive strength of high-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag blended mortar with slag by-product S type(SBP-S). The results of the experiment revealed that incorporating high-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag would affect the compressive strength of mortar. It was found that increasing the Blaine fineness and replacement ratio of slag by-product S type shows high compressive strength of mortar at early curing age because of its high $SiO_2$ and CaO contents in the slag. It is confirmed that an increase of curing age does not affect the compressive strength of mortar made with slag by-product S type at a high curing temperature. Moreover, it is possible to develop and design concrete manufactured with high-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag as binder considering the acceleration curing conditions and mix proportions.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.63-73
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• 2019

In this study, it was studied recycled soils with bentonite-polymer mixture in order to design economic landfill instead of clay liner. Recycled soil was used as SP, a sandy soil with 90.58% sand and 1.88% silt and clay. The recycled soils were mixed with 4%, 6%, and 8% bentonite by weight, and then compared with samples mixed with 2%, 3%, and 4% bentonite by weight in marine clay. Recycled soil satisfied the permeability criteria at 8%, and clay soil satisfied at 3%. In order to make a sample that satisfies the standard of the waste landfill, a permeability test was conducted by mixing 0.16%, 0.24%, and 0.28% of the polymer in a sample having 4% bentonite mixing ratio. The unconfined compression strength test was carried out at the same mixing ratio to confirm that the specification was satisfied. As the bentonite mixture ratio increased, the permeability coefficient and unconfined compression strength decreased. The strength in polymer mixing increased initially and then maintained a constant value. At 4% bentonite mixing ratio and 0.28% polymer mixing ratio, the coefficient of permeability was 1.0×10^-7 cm/sec or less, and the unconfined compression strength was over 500 kPa. It was confirmed that it can be used as a mixed liner material of waste landfills.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.5-14
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• 2013

Purpose - We live in a world of constant change and competition. Many airports have specific competitiveness goals and strategies for achieving and maintaining them. The global economic recession, financial crises, and rising oil prices have resulted in an increasingly important role for facility investment and renewal and the implementation of appropriate policies in ensuring the competitive advantage for airports. It is thus important to analyze the factors that enhance efficiency and productivity for an airport. This study aims to determine the efficiency levels of 20 major airports in East Asia, Europe, and North America. Further, this study also suggests suitable policies and strategies for their development. Research design, data, and methodology - This paper employs the DEA-CCR, DEA-BCC, and DEA-Malmquist production index analysis models to determine airport efficiency. The study uses data on the efficiency and productivity of the world's leading airports between 2006 and 2010. The input variables include the airport size, the number of runways, the size of passenger terminals, and the size of cargo terminals. The output variables include the annual number of passengers and the annual cargo volume. The study uses basic data from the 2010 World Airport Traffic Report (ACI). The world's top 20 airports (as rated by the ACI report) are investigated. The study uses the expanded DEA Model and the Super Efficiency Model to identify the most effective airports among the top 20. The Malmquist productivity index analysis is used to measure airport effectiveness. Results - This study analyzes longitudinal and cross-sectional data on the world's top 20 airports covering 2006 to 2010. A CCR analysis shows that the most efficient airports in 2010 were Gatwick Airport (LGW), Zurich Airport (ZRH), Vienna Airport (VIE), Leonardo da Vinci Fiumicino Airport (FCO), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Seattle-Tacoma Airport (SEA), San Francisco Airport (SFO), HongKong Airport (HKG), Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), and Shanghai Pudong Airport (PVG). We find that changes in airport productivity are affected more by technical factors than by airport efficiency. Conclusions - Based on the study results, we offer four airport development proposals. First, a benchmark airport needs to be identified. Second, inefficiency must be reduced and high-cost factors need to be managed. Third, airport operations should be enhanced through technical innovation. Finally, scientific demand forecasting and facility preparation must become the focus of attention. This paper has some limitations. Because the Malmquist productivity index is based on the hypothesis of the, the identified production change could be over- or under-estimated. Further, as DEA estimates the relative efficiency. It also cannot generalize to include all airport conditions because the variables are limited. To measure airport productivity more accurately, other input variables and environmental variables such as financial and policy factors should be included.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.691-702
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• 2019

Flood inundation map has various important roles in terms of municipal planning, timely dam operation, economic levee design, and building flood forecasting systems. Considering that the riparian areas adjacent to national rivers with high potential flood vulnerability conventionally imposed special cares to justify applications of recently available two- or three-dimensional flood inundation numerical models on top of digital elevation models of dense spatial resolution such as LiDAR irrespective of their high costs. On the contrary, local streams usually could not have benefits from recent technological advances, instead they inevitably have relied upon time-consuming manual drawings or have accepted DEMs with poor resolutions or inaccurate 1D numerical models for producing inundation maps due mainly to limited budgets and suitable techniques. In order to efficiently and cost-effectively provide a series of flood inundation maps dedicatedly for the local streams, this study proposed an OpenGIS-based flood mapping tool named Open Flood Mapper (OFM). The spatial accuracy of flood inundation map derived from the OFM was validated throughout comparison with an inundation trace map acquired after typhoon Nari in Hancheon basin located in Jeju Island. Also, a series of inundation maps from the OFM were comprehensively investigated to track the burst of flood in the extreme flood events.