• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.159-169
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• 1991

Floristic cmposition and soil properties were analyzed in chines cork oak(quercus variabilis)cmmunities in the limestone area, tanyang, ch'ungbuk province in korea. The tree layer was composed of quercus dentata, platycarya strobilacea, fraxinus rhynchophylla and others as wel as quercus variabilis. the shrub layer was dominated by ulmus davidiana for. suberosa,shrubby q. variabilis. euonymus alatus and rhus chinensis. among these, u. davidiana for. suberosa was known to have a restricted distribution to calcareous area, and 9 species in the shrub layer including e. alatus, indigofera kirilowii and rhamnus davurica belonged to the calcicole. The herb layer was dominated by carex lanceolata and spodiopogen cotulifer. ten specirs including g. lanceolata, clematis mandshurica, isachne globosa, lithospermum arvense and scabiosa mansenensis belonged to the calcicode. soil texture was classified to clay loam in both top and subsoil. Water cotent and organic matter were consistentl higher in top soil than in subsoil. soil ph rangd 7.8~8.4. Total n concentration in top soil ranged from 0.2 to 0.4mg/g, which was higher than that in subsoil. Available p and exchangeable k concentretion were also significantly higher in op soil than in subsoil. However, exchangeable ca concentration was similar betweenthe top and the subsoil. Unlike the other nutrients, exchangeable mg concentration in top soil was lower than that in subsoil. orangic matter, n, p and k content in this chinese cork oak stand showed as much as the other noncalcareous sites. Soil properties in this study area seemed to have been influenced by casts forming activities of earthworms.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2016

We conducted the study on the relationship between the distribution of coastal sand dune plants and edaphic factors from the shoreline to inland in sand dune ecosystem. The application of TWINSPAN classification based on 10 species, led to the recognition of three vegetative groups (A-C), which associated with their habitats (foredune, hummuck in semistable zone and stable zone). The associations were separated along soil gradient far from the seashore. The relationships between species composition and environmental gradients were explained by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Distance from the shoreline was an important indicator to determine soil properties (pH, total ion contents, sand particle sizes, organic matters and nitrogen contents) from the seaward area to inland area and distribution pattern of coastal sand dune plants. Group A is foredune zone, characterized by Calystegia soldanella; group included typical foredune species such as Elymus mollis, Carex kobomugi, Ixeris repens, C. soldanella and Glehnia littoralis. Group B on semi-stabilized zone was characterized by Vitex rotundifolia, a perennial woody shrub. This group was associated the proportion of fine sand size (100 to 250 μm). The results on the proportion of soil particle size showed a transition in sand composition, particularly with respect to the proportion of fine sand size that occurred from the foredune ridge at 32.5 m to the Vitex rotundifolia community at 57.5 m from the shoreline. Group C on stabilized zone was characterized by Zoysia macrostachya, Lathyrus japonicus and Cynodon dactylon and were associated soil organic matter and nitrogen contents. The spatial distribution of plants in the Goraebul coastal sand dune system may result from the interactions between the plant species and environmental heterogeneity.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.733-744
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• 2013

This study was to investigate characteristics of Seoho watershed in Suwon city. $BOD_5$ and SS were selected due to the one of the important factors of the water qualities. Monitoring was conducted monthly for four years during the non-rainfall time. Also, we have been monitored $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, SS, TN and TP with two times sampling after the rainfalls. The highest concentrations of $BOD_5$ and SS were observed in downstream compare with upstream and midstream during the non-rainfall time. No change was observed in $BOD_5$ and $COD_{Mn}$ during the non-rainfall time and after the rainfalls. The monitoring result indicated that the concentration of SS was the highest in downstream after the rainfalls. We have collected the samples two times after the rainfalls. The rainfall intensity in first sampling was two times higher than second sampling. TN and TP concentrations were increased with increasing the rainfall intensity at all stream. The ESB (Ecological Score of Benthic macroinverterbrate community) index was used to evaluate the statement of stream. ESB results were identified that the upstream is protected waters and the down and midstream is reformed waters. EBS analysis results indicated that the Seoho watershed was ${\beta}$-mesosaprobic at all stream.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.809-818
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• 2020

To conserve the population of a hesperiid butterfly, Leptalina unicolor, inhabiting the protected areas of Jaeyaksan, we provide ecological information on their behavior and propose habitat conservation measures, such as the creation of alternative habitats based on comprehensive information. The behavioral study used a method of re-capture after releasing the butterfly with enamel marks on the wings. Adult behaviors were shown in four patterns: flying, settling on a plant, nectar absorption, and water absorption. Both males and females had the highest proportion of flight movement overall; however, males had a slightly higher proportion of flight movement. As for duration, females spent more time settling on plants to select spawning sites, and males seemed to take a longer time for water absorption activities, to absorb minerals needed to form the spermatophore. The average travel distance of butterflies was 27.5 m for females and 46.7 m for males, with daily activity ranges from 11.2 m to 43.8 m, and 21.4 to 57.6 m, respectively. The most important condition to preserve the habitat of Leptalina unicolor is to maintain the community of Miscanthus sinensis, a food plant. Additionally, because this butterfly has a high rate of water absorption activities, wetlands should be maintained.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2010

The recent increase in the number of dogs in high-density urban environments causes conflicts between dog owners and non-dog owners and the access of dogs to urban parks has been controversial among park users. A lack of exercise and socialization, however, can cause canine behavior problems such as aggression and hyperactivity which are potential dangers to people and there has increased demand for a place where people and their dogs can interact and exercise together. In many developed countries, off-leash recreation areas (OLRA) are considered as safe and effective places that dogs can exercise, play, and socialize with other dogs while reducing conflicts between dog owners and other park users. This study aimed to review the issue of dogs' access to public parks and to examine the perception of park users on OLRA to provide insights and guidelines in establishing OLRA in Korea. The survey respondents, even non-dog owners, perceived that it is necessary to provide a separate space for dogs from other park users by providing OLRAs in urban parks and showed the willingness to use. Most of dog owners consider their dogs as companions or family members and feel the lack of places to exercise their dogs. As local government plays a major role in urban animal management which emerge as a social issue at present, more active interventions of municipalities are necessary to support various needs and activities of park users. An experimental OLRAs based on community participations would be a meaningful starting point to effective urban animal management.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to interpret the visual and auditory images and cognitive characteristics about townscapes in Namwon city. It was acquired the survey results about 8 types of verbal interviews and 2 kinds of sketch maps which are based on urban images from 102 Namwon residents. They held in a variety of images of Namwon in their minds such as Jiri mountain, clean environment, sightseeing, special products, urban/building structures, Korean classical music, historical novel, local sports, and emotional images. The nice streets or places which the residents recommended are the places which have abundant natural areas, psychological peace and rest, available space for physical activity, places for performances and events, and regional attractions. The streets or places which they didn't like are decadent places, and areas of crowded traffic. The transition times of visual and auditory scene can be classified with the Saemaul movement in the 1970's(the rural new community movement) and the improvement of the city in the 1990's. The elements of visual images in Namwon city on the basis of the cognitive maps were expressed such elements as paths, districts, nodes, edges, and landmarks. The elements of auditory images, which are on the basis of the concept of the soundscape, included sounds of narrative musical form unique to Korea; p'ansori, sounds of traditional markets, and sounds of nature. It was found that the imageability of visual and auditory images is relatively clear in specific areas in Namwon city.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.100-110
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• 2005

The Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.(KOSEP) held a design competition for Energy Theme Park at Yeong-Heung power plant in October, 2004. The site is located in 980-1 Oe-ri, Yeong-Heung myun, OngJin gun, Incheon City and has an area of $54,450m^2$. Design objectives of KOSEP were to make environmentally sustainable space, to build a symbolic and gathering place for community members and visitors, to make a tourist spot of Yeong-Heung Island linked with adjacent sight spots in OngJin gun, and to elevate an identity and status of the KOSEP by creating a landscape correspondent to the concept of the building design. The spatial concept of this project was developed by expressing a circular course of energy, named 'energy circle' and accounting for principles of energy generation. By interpreting 'energy circle' and principles of energy generation, and applying it to the site, the design met the various desires of the KOSEP. This design consists of seven theme spaces; the future energy plaza, the wind plaza, the light plaza, the thermal power plaza, a water strider dam, a ecological pond and the stratum plaza. These theme spaces are consecutively placed along the circular path which surrounds the public information building and to represent how power plants generate energy in each space and diverse design techniques and special effects are used.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.533-545
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• 1994

The bleeding of 39 Acer mono trunks by wounding was investigated at the altitudes of 400m, 500m, 800m, and 1100m on Wangsirobong (1,214m), Mt. Chiri area (127°34'E., 35°14'N.) from February 4 to March 21, 1993 and from February 23 to March 23, 1994. The amount of sap in a day was clodely related to the change of air temperature and wind speed. Especially, the abundant sap was exudated at the ranges of -4~13℃ in the daily range of temperature and it was below 0.14m/s in wind speed. The most abundant bleeding was exudated from Acer mono trunk located south facing slope in 800m altitude. Also the amount of sap increased with incereasing suface area of crown. The maximum bleeding of sap was collected from the hole punctured at 80cm height from the ground surface at southern part of the trunks. And the number of exudation holes had an important effect on bleeding of sap but the number of holes should be controlled by DBH of trunks. These results suggested that the exudation was influenced by the daily range of temperature and wind speed. And the altitude, direction of sloped where the trees occurred, surface area of crown, the number of exudation holes, height form the ground surface and the direction of the hole was 91.6% when germicide (Dimethyl-4,4' -ophenylene bis 3-thio alonate) was treated from April to October after bleeding of sap in the year.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.355-361
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• 1999

Distribution of size class, population regeneration and changes in the population structure of Quercus mongolica were studied from 1994 to 1999 in Mt. Jumbong (128°27' E, 38° 04' N) of Mt. Sorak National Park and Biosphere Reserve in central Korea. Three 20m × 20m permanent quadrats were set up at the elevation of 900m. The vegetation of the study site was dominated by Quercus mongolica and Acer pseudosieboldianum, but little change was observed in the community structure from 1995 to 1999. Most mortality in the study site was observed in small trees of A. pseudosieboldianum and Tilia amurensis. Mean annual growth in dbh (diameter of breast height) of Q. mongolica for 4 years was only 0.09cm, and no ingrowth of saplings (dbh < 2.5cm) into tree class was observed during the study period. Among the 21 Q. mongolica trees studied in the permanent quadrats. all the smaller trees (dbh < 30cm) were established in 1920 ∼ 1950, while many bigger trees (with 40cm < dbh < 80cm) were established in 1750 ∼ 1800, indicating that its establishment was episodic. Distribution of dbh classes among Q. mongolica trees shows that smaller trees were poorly represented, and no saplings of Q. mongolica occurred in the permanent quadrats studied, indicating that currently Q. mongolica is not regenerating well in the study site. Total seed production of Q. mongolica in 1994 was estimated as 88 acorns per square meter in the study site. Rate of predation including caching of acorns was highest in 1994, then declined sharply thereafter. Most of the acorns which managed to survive in the first year were predated in the second year, and only 5% of the acorns produced in 1994 survived into the third year. No seeds produced in 1994 or seedlings germinated from them succeeded to survive to 5 years after seed production. However, seedling emergence rate and seedling survival were high in the early growing season in 1995. These results suggest that predation can be a significant factor in the regeneration of Q. mongolica. and that Q. mongolica is not regenerating well in Mt. Jumbong and needs large scale disturbances for its new recruitment.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.77-90
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• 1998

자연적이거나 인위적인 여러 요인의 복합적인 상호작용에 의해 지표는 계속 변화해간다. 자연재해는 생태계의 다양한 군집이 서로 상호작용을 하는데 결정적 영향을 미치는 요소로 이런 변화의 직접적인 원인이 되는 특정 사건의 발생과정이나 공간적 분포에 대한 연구는 환경과 자원관리 측면에서 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 지표변화에 영향을 미치는 자연화재의 경우를 중심으로 공간적 분포를 모형화하는 방법론을 설명하였다. 자연화재는 주로 번개에 의해 발생되어 몇 주에 결쳐 수만 킬로미터의 지역을 태우면서 새롭고 다양한 서식지를 만들어 가는 주된 자연재해중의 하나로 생태계관리차원에서 연구되고 있다. 오스트리아 빅토리아사막을 예로 이곳에서의 자연화재 발생지역을 20년동안의 원격탐사자료(MSS data)로부터 추출하여 이를 바탕으로 자연화재발생에 대한 공간적 모형을 개발하였고 모형에 입각한 시뮬레이션 방법을 논의하였다. 화재발생과정은 불규칙적으로 분포된 공간상의 point pattern에 의해 특징지어질 수 있는데 이의 모형화를 위해서 Nonhomogeneous Planar Poissin Process가 이용되었다.