• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.23-40
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• 2013

The natural environment restoration industry has been newly included in the environment area of engineering technology. Accordingly, the enactment of a standard of estimate for determining the 'Cost plus Fixed Fee' method has become necessary for the implementation and vitalization of natural environment restoration projects. The purpose of this study is to determine the standards for which the prices for engineering projects are calculated with respect to the enactment of an engineering project standard of estimate in the natural environment restoration field. These include the scope of the technological work, standard area, manpower requirements by technical grade that are necessary for carrying out the technological tasks. Relevant laws and regulations, systems and precedent case studies were investigated and analyzed to establish a price calculation standard. The overall results of the analysis were used and applied to questionnaires, public hearings, and expert delphi techniques. The study showed the following results： The scope of the technological work was categorized into 'Biotopes', 'Eco-corridors' and 'Ecological restoration'. The standard area was set up as $1,000m^2$ for 'Biotopes' and $5,000m^2$ for 'Eco-corridors' and 'Ecological restoration'. The manpower requirements by technical grade that are necessary for carrying out the technological tasks were determined. The suitability of the costs, standard area, manpower requirements by technical grade of ordered engineering projects that are determined by applying the standard of estimate for natural environment restoration that may be enacted pursuant to this study may be effectively investigated and analyzed. Moreover, further studies on the calculation of standard prices that can ensure the stability of natural environment restoration projects will be necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2014

The main purpose of this study is to measure spatio-temporal variation of forest tree volume based on the RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 scenario, targeting on Pinus densiflora forests which is the main tree species in South Korea. To estimate nationwide scale, $5^{th}$ forest type map and National Forest Inventory data were used. Also, to reflect the impact of change in place and climate on growth of forest trees, growth model reflecting the climate and topography features were applied. The result of the model validation, which compared the result of the model with the forest statistics of different cities and provinces, showed a high suitability. Considering the continuous climate change, volume of Pinus densiflora forest is predicted to increase from $131m^3/ha$ at present to $212.42m^3/ha$ in the year of 2050. If the climate maintains as the present, volume is predicted to increase to $221.92m^3/ha$. With the climate change, it is predicted that most of the region, except for some of the alpine region, will have a decrease in growth rate of Pinus densiflora forest. The growth rate of Pinus densiflora forest will have a greater decline, especially in the coastal area and the southern area. With the result of this study, it will be possible to quantify the effect of climate change on the growth of Pinus densiflora forest according to spatio-temporal is possible. The result of the study can be useful in establishing the forest management practices, considering the adaptation of climate change.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2012

Recently, the increase of impervious area has been pointed out as a major cause of climate change and biotop area deterioration]. Therefore, quantitative indicators for environmental housing design and planning have been needed especially to control the impervious area. The Biotop Area Ratio(BAR) as the mostly applied environmental planning control instrument in Korea verifying the possibility of utilizing has been used effectively in various aspects. However, the fact that the space types are based on two dimension and ecological functions of spaces are simplified has shown the limitations of this planning instrument in the use as planning and evaluation indicator. In this study, classification criteria and the weighting of the space types in similar indicators Biotopflaechenfaktor (BFF, Berlin), Seattle Green Factor (SGF, Seattle), and Green Area Factor (GAF, Malmo) were analyzed. These indicators are similar in the sense that they apply weights to calculate the area and express a percentage of land area. The findings are as follows: The basic method that can estimate the vegetation volume is proposed to overcome the limitation of the BAR. It also was proven that the introduction of three-dimensional volume rate of biotops area was possible. Finally, the framework of space type classification criteria is proposed through linkages with relevant laws and regulations. With the improvement of the space types, the BAR is expected to be reasonable indicator in outdoor space evaluation in housing project.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 2014

Urban Green Area has ecologically deteriorated along with quantitative loss, being developed as a dot itself rather than connected to forests and green networks around the park. The present study aims to propose a connected plan on Urban Ecological Network establishment through 'assessment of the connectivity of the entire urban parks' in accordance with distance of forest and river and 'assessment of trends in connection fragmentation of urban parks' in accordance with the past change of forest and river. According to the result of this study, criteria based on previous research was "directly linked type is less than 300m, conceptually linked type is between 300m to 1km, the isolated type is greater than 1km". And the result of 'assessment of the connectivity of the entire urban parks' is analyzed as the rate of park and green network, 41.7% in Suwon, 80.0% in Seongnam, 88.9% in Namyangju on the basis of office and field investigation. Also, according to the result of 'assessment of trends in connection fragmentation of urban parks', consideration for connection to the original forest is insufficient.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3 s.110
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• pp.84-93
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic feasibility of the construction of a new ecological park, based on the case of a plan in Yeongcheon City. For fulfilling the purpose of this study, questionnaire survey was conducted in Yeongcheon City. Based on the survey data, cost-benefit analysis is conducted. For this study, costs and benefits of the project are estimated. Then, using NPV, IRR, and B/C ratio criteria, cost-benefit analysis for this study is conducted. from the empirical cost-benefit analysis, NPV of the proposed project is estimated at 5,420 million Won, IRR is estimated at 12.16%, and B/C ratio is estimated at 1.44. Thus, it is found that the construction of a new ecological park in this area would be feasible from the economic point of view.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.453-461
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• 1994

Size class structure and vegetative growth of a perennial herb of the temperate deciduous forests, Symplocarpus renifolius Schott, were studied from 1991 to 1994 in Namhansansung, Kyonggi Province, Korea. The size class structures of leaf number and leaf area per individual followed bell-shape curve, i.e. frequency of middle class was relatively high. The leaf area increased from the late-March to mid-May. At the end of the growing season, leaf area(length X breadth) was proportional to biomass, especially aboveground biomass. The leaf number and leaf area per individual increased at the rate of 0.08 leaf/year and 9.7 $cm^2/year$, respectively. The size of the individuals in large-sized classes, in leaf number and leaf area, decreased in next year, while the size of the individuals in small-sized classes increased. Therefore, it was concluded that the size class structure of S. renifolius population was largely determined by the growth form.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.403-416
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• 1996

Global natural vegetation mapping (GNVM) system was developed for estimating potential forest area of the globe. With input of monthly mean temperature and monthly precipitation observed at weather stations, the system spherically interpolates them into 1°×1°grid points on a blobe, converts them into vegetation types, and produces a potential vegetation map and a potenital vegetation area. The spherical interpolation was based on negative exponential function fed from the constant radius stations with oval weighing method which is latitudinally elongated weighing in temperature and longitudinally elongated weighing in precipitation. The temperature values were corrected for altitude by applying a linear lapse-rate (0.65℃ / 100m) with reference to a built-in digital terrain map of the globe. The vegetation classification was based upon Koppen’s sKDICe. The potential forest area is estimated for 6.96 Gha (46.24％) of the global land area (15.05 Gha).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.201-212
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• 1988

Ansan city in the coastal area of the mid-western Korea is known as a newly industrialized city(73.44$Km^2$, 127, 000 persons), with the increase rate of 27.8% in population and mean density of 1, 732 persons/$Km^2$. According to the census of the city(1986), it consists of cultivated field(36.8%), forest(34.2%), industrial area(7.4%), residential area(4.1%) and others(12.5%). The forest vegetation in the city is composed of four associations and two subassociations as follows; Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora-Rhododendron mucronulatum, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron mucronulatum and Robinia pseudo-acacia asociation, and Quercus mongolica-Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica and Robinia pseudoacacia-Alnus hirsuta subassociation. Various environmental conditions have been changed with the progress of urbanization of the city, since 1977. For example, a heat island phenomenon, which is the air temperature of 2 or 3$^{\circ}C$ higher in the central area than that of the boundary area, and floral changes caused by air pollutants such as decreasing bryophyte species along increasing SO$_2$ concentration.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.56-72
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• 2018

North Korea has been in ecologically deficit state since 1966, despite of lack of energy and food resources. Trends of the Biocapacity (BC), the Ecological Footprint (EF), and the Ecological Deficit (ED) of North Korea were shown and five factors influencing on the Overshoot Rate (OSR) which is the ratio of the BC and the EF in North Korea was analyzed in this study. The five factors consist of two factors affecting to the EF and three factors affecting to the BC in North Korea. Two of the five factors are affecting to the EF those are population, the EF per capita (EFPC) which indicates the individual environmental consumption intensity, and three are affecting to the BC those are the land area, the yield factor, and the value multiplying the equivalence factor and the intertemporal yield factor. The EF has contributed more than the BC to the OSR. From 1966 to mid-1990s, the EFPC was the most contributing factor at about 60%, and after mid-1990s, population at about 40~60%. Contribution ratio of land area and the yield factor have increased after mid-1990s up to 15% and 18%, respectively. The BC of cropland which has decreased due to a decrease in productivity. In order to reduce the ED of North Korea, improvement of productivity of cropland and restoration of forest. Forest area has decreased significantly since 1990 in NK. And ways to solve the food shortage problem which influences on decrease of both productivity of cropland and forest area.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.389-401
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• 2021

Background and objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological status of six areas around Geumgang River that used to be farmlands before they were restored as a riverine ecobelt. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the location environment and ecological status of the sites to identify the environmental factors affecting them. Methods: The sites are classified into four types according to restoration: terraced paddy fields, flat paddy fields, artificial wetland, and landscape forest. The survey items were divided into land use status, plant ecology, and animal ecology. Results: In terms of plant ecology, terraced paddy fields showed favorable naturality with the rate of native species above 90% and the naturalization index below 10%. In terms of animal ecology, the total number of species found in these areas was biggest in terraced paddy fields, followed by flat paddy fields, artificial wetland, and landscape forest. Regarding species diversity, terraced paddy fields also showed abundant species with an average of 1.05 to 1.09. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the forest area around the sites had the most significant effect on species diversity. The grassland and open water area showed a positive correlation with the total number of animal species and the number of dragonflies, confirming that the marshy grassland had a positive effect. As the cultivated land and urbanized area around the sites increased, it had a negative effect on the distribution of native species and the number of animal species that appeared, and a positive effect on the naturalization index. Conclusion: It is necessary to establish preemption and restoration plans for sites such as grasslands adjacent to the forest and terraced paddy fields in order to promote resilience of the diverse species returning to the purchased lands.