• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.366-374
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in food habits of girl students 1985 and 1998. A similar study had been conducted in 1985 and this study was carried in May, 1998 using the questionnaires. The subjects were 746 female students in middle school, high school and university students living in Jeonbuk region. The average score of food habit was $4.11{\pm}1.63$ out of a possible 10. This averge is lower than the 4.91 score in 1985, especially the score of university students lowered from 4.80 points to $3.52{\pm}1.58$ points. The correlation coefficient between the score of food habit and standard of living, utilizing increase as compared with the 54.9% in 1985. The most preferred side-dish changed from fried food to Kimchi. The preference of snacks was not changed. Eating bread increased at breakfast but eating noodles increased at lunch. University students' lunch basket preparation ratio decreased from 32.6% to 3.3%, so they had more noodles at refectory than lunch basket. The reason for skipping breakfast did not changes, but skipping lunch changed from annoyance due to lunch basket preparation to lack of time and no appetite. Skipping supper was changed from missing time to weight control. Having supper at home decreased from 96.6% to 75.9%. Substitution food on no preparation of lunch basket was changed from bread to noodles. The preference for biscuits and snack did not changes but fewer students preftered bread and fried food. In order to improve the nutritional status of the girl students, they must establish good food habits, especially by eating 3 regular meals per day and balancing their diet they should also be notified that severe weight control is very harmful for health.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.623-632
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between table attitudes(or table manners), nutrition knowledge, eating/snacking habits, and BMI in elementary school children. For the study, 350 [4~6th grade] elementary students were recruited and surveyed. Each response for 10 questions regarding table attitudes was scored by a 5-point scale(5 points=strongly agreed & 1 point=strongly disagreed) with a total score of 50. The reliability of 10 questions about nutrition knowledge was validated using Cronbach's ${\alpha}$(Cronbach's ${\alpha}$=0.80). Total scores for table attitudes were significantly different between the boys and girls(p<0.05). The total score for nutrition knowledge was significantly higher in the girls(7.67/10.0), compared to the boys(7.35/10.0)(p<0.05). The children showed high rates of incorrect answers in questions regarding the function or importance of specific nutrients. No significant differences between the boys and girls were found for places of snack purchase, or pocket money/day. Most of the children answered spending less than 800 won of pocket money per day. More boys preferred meals with meats and disliked Kimchi and vegetables compared to girls, and the differences were statistically significant. The score for table attitudes was significantly and negatively correlated with nutrition knowledge and gender. No significant correlations between BMI and table attitudes or nutrition knowledge were shown.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.489-499
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• 2010

The effects of a nutritional education program for first grade middle school students were evaluated from August to December, 2006. The study subjects were 82 boys and 90 girls, residing in Gwangju, Korea. To assess the effects of the nutritional education program, pre- and post-questionnaires examining nutritional knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary habits were developed. Paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA were used to evaluate the effects of the nutritional education program. In the general subject, the main after-school activities were studying, watching TV, and using computer (85.5%), and sports (9.3%), suggesting their low physical activity. Parents (46.5%) were indicated as the source of nutritional education rather than teachers (13.4%). Twenty-five percent of girl students had diet experience of skipping meals (54.6%), suggesting the need of proper nutritional education for adolescents' health care. In dietary attitudes, both genders showed some improvement of recognition after education. In the changes in dietary habits, both genders had a significant effect on 'three meals a day, eating breakfast, and regular meal' after education. After education, the rate of having breakfast everyday increased from 52.4% to 65.9% for boys and from 33.3%to 57.8% for girls. In the changes in nutritional knowledge, the appreciation of the importance of school meals increased in both genders from 50.6% to 80.8% after education. The nutritional knowledge, scores of regular eating and well-mannered eating increased in both genders regardless of the students' characteristics. The study results revealed that this education provided an important motivation to improve basic nutritional knowledge and dietary habit. It is recommended to develop systematic and various educational programs and learning materials tailored to subjects before nutritional education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.258-265
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• 2017

Although excessive intake of sodium is known to cause various diseases and threaten public health and policies for reducing overconsumption of sodium are being implemented, the theoretical research on sodium intake is incomplete. This study attempted to provide a policy basis by examining whether or not planned behavior theory, which is a typical health communication theory used to describe health-related behaviors, can be applied to explain sodium intake behavior. Especially, sodium ingestion behaviors were compared using the theory of actions planned for men and women as well as young people, middle-aged, and elderly persons, who are predicted to show differences in eating habits. In this study, questionnaires were prepared to measure the daily eating habits of subjects and subordinate factors of planned behavior theory: behavioral beliefs, outcome expectations, normative beliefs, compliance motivation, and control beliefs. Questionnaires were given to 93 college students and their families. As a result of the difference analysis and path analysis of the questionnaire responses, the following suggestions were obtained. First, age difference is more obvious than sex difference in terms of low salt intentions. For example, older people are healthier than younger people in terms of eating habits and health concerns. Second, the elderly are more likely to practice the low-salt formula when they are provided information on the benefits and effects of the low-salt formula compared to younger ones. Third, systematic efforts are needed to promote a culture that emphasizes the health benefits of a low salt diet rather than providing piecemeal information on the advantages and effects of a low salt diet.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2011

This study compared actual weight with perceived weight, described the prevalence of unhealthy weight control behavior, determined the differences in psychological and personal variables between participants that reported unhealthy weight control behavior and those who did not, and examined the relationship of eating habits to unhealthy weight control behavior for Korean adolescents. The study population consisted of a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students who completed the Fifth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS): Fifth in 2009. Among the 75,066 participants of KYRBWS, 35,473 (n = 18,851 girls and 16,622 boys) were eligible for a research focused on unhealthy weight control behavior. The results of this research were as follows: First, there were considerable discrepancies (45.1% of girls and 32.8% of boys) between the perceived weight and the actual weight. Second, overall, unhealthy weight control behavior was more prevalent in girls and fasting was the most commonly reported behavior. Third, participants that reported unhealthy weight control behavior scored significantly lower on scaled measures of happiness, health, academic achievement, and economic status; in addition, they scored higher on stress measures. Fourth, girls and boys shared common protective factors of having breakfast and vegetables more often, perceiving their weight as underweight rather than overweight, and having a correct weight conception. Protective factors unique to girls were having lunch and dinner more often. Girls and boys shared common risk factors of the consumption of soda, fast food, instant noodles, and snacks more often, while consumption of fruit more often was a risk factor only for girls. The improvement of protective factors and minimization of risk factors through Home Economics classes (and other classes relevant to health) may mitigate unhealthy weight control behavior of adolescents.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.869-881
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the food habits, dietary intakes and GTTs (glucose tolerance tests) of female college students according to BMI in the Kyunggido area. Questionnaire surveys, 24 hr dietary recalls, and GTTs were conducted with 108 students (36 under-weight students, 42 normal weight students, and 30 over-weight students). The results were as follows: The under wt. and over wt. groups had lower frequencies of eating breakfast but higher frequencies of eating lunch than the normal wt. group. The ratio of students having dinner everyday was low in the order of under wt. > normal wt. > over wt.. The over wt. group skipped breakfast mainly due to lack of time and the need to get to school, and the under wt. group had a high ratio (48.1%) of lunch skipper as a result of having brunch. The over wt. subjects had poor habits of eating fast and overeating, but the under wt. students ate their meals slowly. The under wt. group had a high ratio of students who ate snacks and fast-food. All subjects wanted to immediately improve their poor habit of overeating. Plant oil, animal Fe, and vitamin E intakes were lower in the under wt. group than in the other groups. For the GTT, the over wt. students had significantly lower blood glucose levels after 30 min. than the other groups. BMI was negatively correlated with blood glucose level after 30 min, but positively correlated with crude fiber, ash, Ca, plant Ca, P, animal Fe, Na, K, $\beta$-carotene, vitamin $B_6$, niacin, and vitamin E.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.226-233
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the current status and to suggest future directions for health management of teenagers who use healthy school tuck shops to improve teenagers' eating habits while reducing and preventing obesity. Methods: A total of 29 students (16 middle school students and 13 high school students) took part in the interview for this study, and the interview was conducted for each school's focus group by using qualitative research methodology. Results: The current status of using healthy school tuck shops and suggested future directions were divided into two categories. Personal barriers such as discrepancies between personal perceptions and behaviors and lack of food choice suitable to individual tastes can be solved by rebuilding the operating system to provide intuitive promotion of behavior and customized products through improvements in existing products and new product development. A lack of consistent management from low utilization convenience and difficulty in maintaining a constant purchase price can be handled by establishing a solution to restricted physical access for products, as well as seeking profit by improving distribution costs via continuous cooperation between the school and community. Conclusions: Continuous funding and a system that reflects the needs and preferences of healthy school tuck shop users should be applied for sustainable operation of healthy school tuck shops to improve teenagers' eating habits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of health education based on life skill training (LST) on middle school students' health knowledge, attitude, and behavior. Methods: For this study, 961 middle school students, residing in Seoul, Korea, were selected. The students received health education one day a week for 7 weeks from September 1, 2014 to October 25, 2014. Before and after the whole education program, the students filled out questionnaires surveying on their health knowledge, attitude, and behavior. Excluding inappropriate data, the data of 843 students was analyzed through Paired t-test. Results: After the education program based on LST, there were statistically significant increases in the scores for knowledge about drinking, body image distortion, good eating habits, right usage of smartphone, and prevention of smartphone addiction (p<.05). There were also statistically significant increases in the scores for attitude toward smoking, drug, good eating habits and prevention of smartphone addiction (p<.05). There were statistically significant increases in the scores for behavior regarding drug, good eating habits, right usage of smartphone and prevention of smartphone addiction (p<.05). Conclusion: Health education based on life skill training was especially effective in improving the subjects' scores for health knowledge, attitude, and health behavior. Therefore, various and systemic LST educational programs should be developed and implemented and their effects should be evaluated in further studies.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to identify affecting factors on health behaviors among university students. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 161 participants between May and June 2020. The authors assessed functional health literacy, health self-efficacy, and health behaviors. Mean score of functional health literacy and health self-efficacy was 10.14±1.39 and 3.96±0.60, respectively. Of the subjects, 9.9% were smokers, 23.0% were problem drinking, 96.9% were those who needed monitoring of their eating habits, 63.4% were those with low or moderate physical activity, and 29.8% were those who were overweight or obesity. Gender and functional health literacy had an effect on smoking and eating habits, respectively. Gender and health self-efficacy were affecting factors on physical activity. Researchers should be sought strategies to promote health behavior considering gender, functional health literacy and health self-efficacy.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.114-126
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• 2022

The relationship between mortality and the Korean Healthy Eating Index ("KHEI") is well established. This study was to investigate the associations between health habits, mental health, and nutritional status and KHEI in older Koreans (aged≥65 years). A total of 4,247 subjects (1,842 men and 2,405 women) that participated in the 2016~2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in the analysis. The lowest scoring KHEI item was milk and milk products. KHEI tertile groups were classified by total KHEI score. Tertile group percentages were related to general characteristics such as gender, residential area, educational level, income level, number of family members, and age. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for general characteristics, showed that ex-smokers (OR: male 1.53 female 2.29), smokers (OR: male 2.90), low hand grip strength (OR: male 1.42 female 1.90), poor self-rated health status (OR: female 1.83), stressful mental status (OR: female 1.51), poor health-related quality of life (OR: female 1.64), poor nutritional status (OR: male 2.88~37.20 female 1.98~16.12), and food insecurity (OR: male 6.87 female 2.03) were significantly related to a lower KHEI. This study suggests that gender-specific associations exist between mental health status and KHEI.