• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 1997

This is to study the characteristics of available water resources (AWR) of the eastern coastal area in Korea. A rating curve was suggested at Yangyang water level station of the Yangyangnamdai river. Annual mean precipitation of this area is 1365.8mm. Annual mean precipitation in central and northern area of eastern coastal area is more than that of southern area because of orographic precipitation occurred by the north-easterly air flow from the East sea. By the correlation analysis of monthly rainfall depths between rainfall gauging stations it is presented that the rainfall gauging stations located in coastal region have the regional representativity, but the rainfall gauging stations located in the westward of mountains have a strong locality. AWR of eastern coastal area by the application of runoff coefficient 0.665 is 1134.5X106m3 and 28.6 percentage for total water resources. In each watershed AWR is 193.7X106m3 in the Yangyangnamdai river, 109X106m3 in the Kangnungnamdai river, and 146.0X106m3 in the Samcheokosip river. The seasonal changes of 30/3% in summer and 19.1% in water, and those of the AWR to total water resources are 86.3% in winter, 60.1% in spring, 50.1% in autumn, and 25.7% in summer. The results of this study may be used to establish the water resources planning of eastern coastal area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2005

Using three-dimensional non-hydrostatical numerical model with one way double nesting technique, atmo­spheric circulation in the mountainous coastal region in summer was investigated from August 13 through 15, 1995. During the day, synoptic westerly wind blows over Mt. Mishrung in the west of a coastal city, Sokcho toward the East Sea, while simultaneously, easterly upslope wind combined with both valley wind from plain (coast) toward mountain and sea-breeze from sea toward inland coast blows toward the top of the mountain. Two different directional wind systems confront each other in the mid of eastern slope of the mountain and the upslope wind goes up to the height over 2 km, becoming an easterly return flow in the upper level over the sea and making sea-breeze front with two kinds of sea-breeze circulations of a small one in the coast and a large one in the open sea. Convective boundary layer is developed with a thickness of about 1km over the ground in the upwind side of the mountain in the west and a thickness of thermal internal boundary layer from the coast along the eastern slope of the mountain is only confined to less than 200 m. On the other hand, after sunset, no prohibition of upslope wind generated during the day and downward wind combined with mountain wind from mountain towardplain and land-breeze from land toward under nocturnal radiative cooling of the ground surfaces should intensify westerly downslope wind, resulting in the formation of wind storm. As the wind storm moving down along the eastern slop causes the development of internal gravity waves with hydraulic jump motion in the coast, bounding up toward the upper level of the coastal sea, atmospheric circulation with both onshore and offshore winds like sea-breeze circulation forms in the coastal sea within 70 km until midnight and after that, westerly wind prevails in the coast and open seas.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.394-410
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• 2015

This study aims to classify climate zones for extreme climate indices over the Republic of Korea. First, frequencies and magitudes of extreme high temperature, spatial distributions for extreme low temperature, and extreme precipitation are analysed. Frequencies of summer days in inland region show more than coastal region. In frequencies of frost days, the characteristics of altitude and longitude are appeared. Heavy precipitation days show many frequencies in the southern coastal region and Jeju island, but little in Gyeongsangbuk-do region. The classification of climate zone for extreme climate indices by principal component analysis and cluster analysis is conducted for the first half, second half of study period, and climatology period for 1981-2010. Summer days are classified according to latitude. In case of frost days, the eastern and the southern coastal region and Jeju island are classified as same region. Heavy precipitation days are classified according to longitude in south region of Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do. This study will help to prepare adaptation and mitigation system for climate change in wide range of fields.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.103-116
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• 2007

Seasonal changes of tide signal(s), temperature, salinity and current were studied during the years 2004-2005 in the northernmost Gulf of Aqaba, which is under developmental activities, to obtain scientific bases for best management and sustainability. Spectrum analysis revealed permanent signals of tide measurements during all seasons, which represented semidiurnal and diurnal barotropic tides. The other signal periods of 8.13, 6.10-6.32, 4.16 and 1.02-1.05 h were not detected in all seasons, which were related to shallow water compound and overtides of principle solar and lunar constituent and to seiches generated in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. Spatial and temporal distribution of temperature, salinity and density showed significant differences between months in the coastal and offshore region and no significant differences among the coastal sites, between the surface and bottom waters and between coastal and offshore waters. Therefore, the temporal and spatial variation of water properties in the northernmost Gulf of Aqaba behave similarly compared to other parts. The coastal current below 12 m depth was weak $(3-6\;cms^{-1})$ and fluctuated from east-northeastward to west-southwestward (parallel to the shoreline), which may be related to the effect of bottom topography and/or current density due to differential cooling between eastern and western parts in the study area, and wind-induced upwelling and downwelling in the eastern and western side, respectively. The prevailing northerly winds and stratification conditions during summer were the main causes of the southward current at 6 and 12 m depths with average speed of 28 and $12cms^{-1}$ respectively.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.89-106
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• 2003

Analyses of tidal observations and a numerical model of the $M_2$ and $M_4$ tides in the Uldolmok waterway located at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula are described. This waterway is well known fer its strong tidal flows of up to more than 10 knots at the narrowest part of the channel. Harmonic analysis of the observed water level at five tidal stations reveals dramatic changes in the amplitude and phase of the shallow water constituents at the station near the narrowest part, while survey results show a decreasing trend in local mean sea levels toward the narrow section. It was also observed that the amplitudes of semi-diurnal constituents, $M_2$ and $S_2$ are diminishing toward the narrowest part of the waterway. Two-dimensional numerical modeling shows that the $M_2$ energy flux is dominated by the component coming from the eastern boundary. The $M_2$ energy is inward from both open boundaries and is transported toward the narrow region of the channel, where it is frictionally dissipated or transferred to other constituents due to a strong non-linear advection effect. It is also shown that the $M_4$ generation is strong around the narrow region, and the abrupt decrease in the M4 amplitude in the region is due to a cancellation of the locally generated M4 with the component propagated from open boundaries. The superposition of both propagated and generated M4 contributions also explains the discontinuity of the M4 phase lag in the region. The tide-induced residual sea level change and the regeneration effect of the $M_2$ tide through interaction with $M_4$ are also examined.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 1994

Northern Kyungbuk around Andong is a mountainous and more or less dry region geomorphogically. Since this area located in the valley was less invaded by foreign countries, the folk traditions have been maintained for a long time. Also as the center of Confucian culture, this region respects ceremonies and so, the simple and noble ceremonial-foods such as Ddok, Hankwas, and Buchiki have been firmly preserved in many distinguished families. And besides Andong-Soju, many traditional liquors produced in different methods can be found in this region. As Gogi-Sikhae(a fermented beverage utilizing rice and fish) is still preserved in eastern coastal area, Sosikhae(Sikhae without fish) is maintained in this region and furthermore the unique Andong Sikhae developed by modifying Sosikhae is being consumed currently. Since it is difficult to get fish here geographically, the soybean foods were developed for protein intake, for example, various fermented soybean pastes, Andong-Songuksu(a hand-made noodle using raw soybean flour), and Siragiguk(a vegetable soup).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.94-98
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• 2005

This study was carried out to provide the geographic information based on the distribution of rice qualities and palatability in Gyeoungbuk province of Korea. The rice grain quality and environmental factors were analyzed using 513 sampling sites based on different five-agroclimtic regions of Gyeoungbuk province during three years from 2002 to 2004. In rice grain quality characteristics, the average palatability was low in South eastern coastal and Tabaek semi alpine regions as $67.6\~68.3$ and the coefficient of variation (CV) was relatively high as $6.2\~7.4\%$. The average head rice rates were low in South and Central eastern coastal regions as $87.3\~88.2\%$ and CV was high as $8.2\~8.3\%$. The average protein content was high in Central eastern coastal regions as $8.0\%$ and CV was high as $8.2\~8.3\%$. In case of palatability, the variation was differed clearly between high and low agroclimatic regions; it means that it is possible to divide the same agroclimatic region of high CV into two or three areas by CV of palatability. As the results of subdividing each existing agroclimatic regions based on the palatability, the variation of grain quality characteristics was become lower than that of existing five-agroclimatic regions. Therefore, the re-establishing of agroclimatic region based on rice grain quality was very important for precise cultivation for rice.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.166-173
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• 2004

By analyzing the sea surface temperature (SST), phytoplankton and NOAA/AVHRR satellite data of Gijang, located at the eastern coast of the korean peninsula during the period of 2001 to 2003, we have analyzed the daily variation in the upwelling cold water, phytoplankton, and chlorophyll a. The SST of Gijang coast appealed rapid change due to the temporal and spatial variation of the upwelling cold water. This in turn led to an increase in the number of phytoplanktons and other varieties of organisms inhabiting in the Gijang coastal region.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.195-210
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• 2010

This study uses mesoscale model WRF to investigate characteristics of wind fields in South Korea, a region with a complex terrain. Hourly wind fields were simulated for one year representing mean characteristics of an 11-year period from year 1998 to year 2008. The simulations were performed on a nested grid from 27 km down to 1 km horizontal resolution. Seasonal variation of wind speed indicates that wind is strongest during the spring and winter seasons. Spatial distribution of mean wind speed shows wind energy potential at its peak in mountainous region of Gangwon-do, the east coast, and Jeju Island. Wind speed peaks at night in mountainous and eastern coastal regions, and in the afternoon inland and in the southwestern coastal region. The simulated wind map was verified with four upper-air sounding observations. Wind speed was shown to have a more pronounced overestimation tendency relative to observation in the winter rather than summer. The results of this wind mapping study help identify locations with the highest wind energy potential in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.345-352
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• 2022

In this study, the dietary habits of the spinyhead sculpin Dasycottus setiger were investigated based on 156 specimens collected seasonally between May 2018 and February 2019 from the East Sea off the Korean coast. In terms of the weight contribution (%W), the main food items of the spinyhead sculpin were found to be teleosts (33.5%), followed by carid shrimps (13.8%), amphipods (13.3%), cephalopods (12.0%), and polychaetes (7.1%). Dietary analyses based on the weight contribution of different prey taxa in the diet of the spinyhead sculpin revealed considerable variation in the dietary composition in terms of the sampling region and fish size implying intra-specific dietary segregation. The spinyhead sculpin showed a size-related trends in dietary shift from amphipods to carid shrimps and teleosts in northern region, and from carid shrimps and mysids to teleosts and cephalopods in middle eastern coast. Multivariate analyses of dietary changes revealed that the dietary composition of spinyhead sculpin is significantly associated with the sampling site, but not the fish size. Amphipods contributed more to the diets of the northern population, while mysids typified the diets of spinyhead scuplin inhabiting the middle eastern coast, indicating differences in available food resources between the two study regions.