• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.54
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• pp.111-150
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• 2017

This paper examines the current situation of sources on Korean Class B and C war criminals attached as civilians to the Japanese military during the Asian Pacific War charged with cruelly treating Allied POWs in Japanese POW camps, and also explores the possibility of a joint Korean-Japanese archive of these sources. The Japanese government agreed to the judgement of war crimes by accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, and the Allied troops carried out the judgement of Class B and C war crimes in each region of Asia and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (also known as the Tokyo Trials). However, many non-Japanese such as Koreans and Taiwanese from the Japanese colonies were prosecuted for war crimes. The issues of reparations and restoring their reputations were ignored by both the Korean and Japanese governments, and public access to their records restricted. Most records on Korean Class B and C war criminals were transferred from each ministry to the National Archives of Japan. The majority are copies of the judgements of war crimes by the Allied nations or records prepared for the erasure of Japanese war crimes after each department operated independently of the Japanese government. In the case of the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, such records focused mostly on their war crimes and the transfer of B and C war criminals within Japan and the diplomatic situation. In the case of Korea and Taiwan, these records were related to the negotiations on the repatriation of Class B and C war criminals. In addition, the purpose of founding of the Japan Center for Asian Historical Records and its activities demonstrate its tremendous utility as a facility for building a joint Korea-Japan colonial archive. Thus, the current flaws of the Japan Center for Asian Historical Records should be improved on in order to build a such a joint archive in the future.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.297-310
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• 2021

Lonicera harae is a species of shrub in the Caprifoliaceae family, mostly distributed in East asia. So far, the related research on the genus of Lonicera is insufficient compared to the Lonicera japonica belonging to the same genus, which requires attention to domestic native plants. Therefore, this study aims to provide baseline data for cultivation and utilization through the growth environment and vegetation structure of the natural habitat. Lonicera harae, which plant found throughout the Korean Peninsula. The natural habitats of Lonicera harae is the forest, valley and lowland areas of the southern region. study examined 24 quadrats in 11 regions, including Gwangju, Wanju and Namhae. As a result, environmental condition of Lonicera harae was 8 to 483 m above sea level, normally distributed over 173 m, Slope was 5 to 25 degree with 8.5 degree on average. The list of plants were classified as a total of 229 taxa comprising 80 families, 166 genus, 198 species, 3 subspecies, 24 varieties, 4 forma. As a result of the clustering analysis, the three clusters were divided into three groups; Robinia pseudoacacia, Zelkova serrata, Larix kaempferi. Species diversity was 1.399 and Dominance and Evenness were found to be 0.978 and 0.022 respectively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.100-119
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• 2021

This paper has been written to verify the existing theory that districts occurred independently in various parts of the world, including the Korean Peninsula. Song Giho (2006) claims that the origin of the Gudle, is an example of polygenism that occurred in various areas in the world, including the Korean peninsula. This argument has been corroborated by a large number of researchers. However, it is difficult to understand the lineage of Gudle and its process of development, if a theory of polygenism is continued to be taken into account. The place which is targetet by this theory is the North-West area of the Korean peninsula, south of Primorsky Krai, and in the northern area of Zabaikal-Mongolia. This means that these areas developed independently because they were far from each other and had no direct cultural relationship. However, the structure of Gudle, shape, and assemblages of earthenware it cannot be explained by polygenism, as they are the same in every place. Furthermore, it is also questionable as to the timing and region of emergence of the culture in East Asia over a limited time frame of 3-2 BC. Gudle are formed by furnaces with roofs and walls, Gorae, which saves heat, and it has smoke ventilation that draws smoke out. Therefore, the Gudle is not a structure that anyone can make without advanced technical understanding. So far, the only facility with furnaces and smoke ventilation that appear before the Gudle is Buttumak. Thus, the Gudle is likely to have been invented in the place where Buttumak were used. The area as known for the origin of Gudle was observed to verify the existence of the Buttumak's structure, but none of these facilities were found. The Gudle suddenly appeared within a new culture that had never existed before. That means that none of the three places had the conditions under which the Gudle could be invented, so it must have been introduced from outside. In conclusion, the three places that I mentioned above are not the origin of Gudle. So, the origin of Gudle has to be found elsewhere.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.39
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• pp.549-580
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• 2019

There are many festivals in the region that mainly use traditional performing arts. Traditional performing arts has a story that incorporates the history of the area, and it is easy to build a brand that can be distinguished from other areas through traditional performing arts, so it has conditions that are easy to grow in the local festival it can. In this paper, I researched the relationship between the significance and regionality of regional performing arts, referring to the case where traditional performing arts, which is a joint cultural heritage of East Asia, are transmitted as a festival. The performance art with strong locality has grown into a local festival, and the Kanto Festival (竿燈) held in Akita prefecture in northeastern Japan was selected as a representative example of that area. Along with the Aomori Nebuta Festival and the Sendai Tanabata Festival, the Kanto Festival is called the 3 major festivals in the northeastern part of Japan. It was designated as an important intangible folk cultural property in 1980 and became more famous. It visited Seoul several times after the 2005 Japan-Korea Exchange Festival event. It is widely known as a regional festival that represents Japan. The Kanto Festival, which was a participatory event on a village basis, has faced problems such as the migration and aging of young people since the 1970s. In order to solve this, they led the participation of schools, educational institutions, and various groups beyond the village unit and persuaded the participation to the local companies. They have been steadily promoting free lectures on technical skills and school visit events that induce children's interest. As a result, the number of moths mobilized in the current festival has reached 250, and the Kanto tournament also shows great popularity every year.

• Strategy21
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• s.46
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• pp.239-276
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• 2020

The failure of early economic sanctions aimed at hurting the overall economies of targeted states called for a more sophisticated design of economic sanctions. This paved way for the advent of 'smart sanctions,' which target the supporters of the regime instead of the public mass. Despite controversies over the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a coercive tool to change the behavior of a targeted state, the transformation from 'comprehensive sanctions' to 'smart sanctions' is gaining the status of a legitimate method to impose punishment on states that do not conform to international norms, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in this particular context of the paper. The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council proved that it can come to an accord on imposing economic sanctions over adopting resolutions on waging military war with targeted states. The North Korean nuclear issue has been the biggest security threat to countries in the region, even for China out of fear that further developments of nuclear weapons in North Korea might lead to a 'domino-effect,' leading to nuclear proliferation in the Northeast Asia region. Economic sanctions had been adopted by the UNSC as early as 2006 after the first North Korean nuclear test and has continually strengthened sanctions measures at each stage of North Korean weapons development. While dubious of the effectiveness of early sanctions on North Korea, recent sanctions that limit North Korea's exports of coal and imports of oil seem to have an impact on the regime, inducing Kim Jong-un to commit to peaceful talks since 2018. The purpose of this paper is to add a variable to the factors determining the success of economic sanctions on North Korea: preventing North Korea's evasion efforts by conducting illegal transshipments at sea. I first analyze the cause of recent success in the economic sanctions that led Kim Jong-un to engage in talks and add the maritime element to the argument. There are three conditions for the success of the sanctions regime, and they are: (1) smart sanctions, targeting commodities and support groups (elites) vital to regime survival., (2) China's faithful participation in the sanctions regime, and finally, (3) preventing North Korea's maritime evasion efforts.