• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2005

The East Asian summermonsoon is generally accompanied with the quasi-stationary front along the northern and northwestern periphery of the subtropical Northwest Pacific high. The rainy season in Korea has been called as Changma since the middle of 1500s. Understanding of Changma and heavy rainfall advancing along the Changma front is one of main interesting of Korean meteorologists. This study briefly summarized the descriptive characteristics of Changma and its relatedmechanism, definitions on the Changma period, and etymology of Changma through reviewing the previous studies on Changma.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1994

In this paper a review of literature on Nuruk(yeast) between 1907 and 1945 was made, which showed that barley, rice bran, oat, rye, and other ingredients were originally used according to region and production quantity. Yeast can be classified into rough (Chokuk) and powder (Bunkuk) types depending on the degree of grinding. Yeast also had seasonal names, being called " Choonkuk", Hakuk", Jeolkuk", and "Dongkuk" in the spring, summer, autumn and wither respectively. The form of yeast in terms of quantity, size, and shape varied greatly by region, Production facilities were composed of plant structures to suit each process, enabling continuous output. The production process included shaping, placement in the fermenting chamber, piling by turns, risk-sifting and final output. Testing procudures were divided into visual inspection, physical testing, and chemical analyses.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-33
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• 1992

Information about processing method of Kwahaju can get from the 41 kinds classical literature traditional yakju. The contents of those classical literature consist of sixty items about Kwahaju, number of art-less-brewed alcoholics and compounded alcoholics. Interpreted content was classified and analyzed. Selected 40 items, about Kwahaju among previous 60 items, compounded brewages, were distributed into two groups of alcoholics ; Seoul Kwahaju and Kimchun Kwahaju. Both group of alcoholics, grunded on the periodical conversion of processing method through four centuries were set one thing to another and analyzed. The materials used for Kwahaju, compounded alcoholics, were waxy rice mainley, regular rice, yeast(Nuruk), wheat, barley seedings and Soju, Kwahaju, usually, is brewed for worm or hot season and store up the alcoholics for summer. It should be reminded to be durable alcoholics, not soon pureficated out or needing repair.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.272-296
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• 2020

The study will first pay attention to the conflict between Kyoto Animation Co. and residents over establishing memorial facilities after the "Kyoto Animation 1^st Studio arson and Murder Incident," which occurred in Kyoto, Japan on the morning of July 18, 2019. And through on-site coverage and review of related TV program "Summer of Prayer, Voice of the Holy Land" aired by Mainichi Broadcasting System on August 17, 2019. We reviewed what this conflict means by Japanese animation fans to set a "Holy Land" of specific regions and the resulting content tourism business model. The conflict between Kyoto Animation Co. and the residents resulted in a lengthy confrontation which did not get solved until late July 2020. It proves the cooperation of residents is essential for the success of content tourism, especially the cooperation model for development of Holy Land.

• Atmosphere
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 2018

In this study, we investigate the performance of Global Seasonal Forecasting System version 5 (GloSea5) in Korea Meteorological Administration on the relationship between El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ and East Asian climate for the period of 1991~2010. It is found that the GloSea5 has a great prediction skill of El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ whose anomaly correlation coefficients of $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ indices are over 0.96 during winter. The eastern Pacific (EP) El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ and the central Pacific (CP) El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ are considered and we analyze for EP El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$, which is well simulated in GloSea5. The analysis period is divided into the developing phase of El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ summer (JJA(0)), mature phase of El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ winter (D(0)JF(1)), and decaying phase of El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ summer (JJA(1)). The GloSea5 simulates the relationship between precipitation and temperature in East Asia and the prediction skill for the East Asian precipitation and temperature varies depending on the El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ phase. While the precipitation and temperature are simulated well over the equatorial western Pacific region, there are biases in mid-latitude region during the JJA(0) and JJA(1). Because the low level pressure, wind, and vertical stream function are simulated weakly toward mid-latitude region, though they are similar with observation in low-latitude region. During the D(0)JF(1), the precipitation and temperature patterns analogize with observation in most regions, but there is temperature bias in inland over East Asia. The reason is that the GloSea5 poorly predicts the weakening of Siberian high, even though the shift of Aleutian low is predicted. Overall, the predictability of precipitation and temperature related to El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ in the GloSea5 is considered to be better in D(0)JF(1) than JJA(0) and JJA(1) and better in ocean than in inland region.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.118-124
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the menu of meal boxes delivered to low-income children during summer vacation. Out of 114 questionnaires distributed nationwide concerning lunch menus during summer vacation of 2008, 51 (44.7% response rate) were returned. A total of 170 daily lunch menus consisting of 5 day menus from 34 organizations (29.8% analysis rate) were analyzed after excluding 16 organizations that delivered side dishes only and one organization that provided menus of less than 5 days. The mean numbers of dishes and food items in the menus were five and eight, respectively. Over two-thirds (67.1%) of the lunch box menus included only three food groups: grain, meat and vegetable. Only 2% of the menus included all five food groups, grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, and dairy products. In general, the menus tended to lack fruits and dairy products; the percentages of the menus not including fruits and dairy products reached 89% and 77%, respectively. The average number of dishes, distribution of food group patterns, and average dietary diversity scores of the menus were significantly different according to reimbursement rate. The organizations receiving reimbursement of 3,500 won were more likely to include diverse food groups than those receiving 3,000 won although most of the menus were not proper in terms of food diversity anyway. These results suggest that lunch box menus for low-income children can be improved, in particular, by including more diverse food groups.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1998

Microwave brightness temperature data measured from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) aboard Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite are used to investigate the characteristics of hydrological features of the East Asian summer monsoon during 1994 and 1995. The analyzed parameters include total columnar water vapor, cloud liquid water, and rain rate. These are estimated from SSM/I brightness temperature data for the two summer seasons (June, July, August) of 1994 and 1995 over the Asian monsoon region (0$^{\circ}$-60$^{\circ}$N, 45$^{\circ}$-180$^{\circ}$E). Results indicate that there are periodic westward movement of dry air over the 20$^{\circ}$-30$^{\circ}$N latitudinal belt with about 20-30 day period. Considering that the location of the North Pacific high is closely linked to the evolution of the monsoon activities over East Asia, the westward expansion of the North Pacific high may be the one important element modulating the monsoon intensity.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.593-607
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• 2015

This study examined the Holocene environmental changes by OSL dating and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in 12 sediment cores from estuarine tidal flat, Mosan Bay Estuary, west coast of Korea. For the complexity of the geomorphic characteristics of estuaries, it is difficult to obtain a series of data. The following significant results were derived using relatively simple methods. First, MS data shows sensitive changes in pattern according to the precipitation change during mid to late Holocene. Second, MS data show periodicity of 250 yr. when they were wavelet transformed. This periodicity is related with the intensifying of solar intensity, the East Asian Summer Monsoon and ENSO. Thus, MS data from estuarine sediments are valuable data which can explain mechanism of climate change in East Asia and worthy as proxy data.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1053-1062
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• 2013

The shortwave aerosol direct radiative forcing (SWARF) was analyzed using the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data in the East Asian region from 2001 to 2010. In the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula, located in the leeward side of China, significantly negative high SWARF at the top of atmosphere (TOA) occurs due to the long-range transport of anthropogenic (e.g. sulphate) and natural aerosols (e.g. mineral dust) from the East Asian continent. Conversely, eastern China has much higher levels of SWARF at the surface (SFC) due to anthropogenically emitted aerosol than in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula. Since the radiative forcing of aerosols in the atmosphere are different in type, aerosol types were classified into sea salt+sulphate, smoke, sulphate and dust by using satellite data. The analysis on the SWARF by the classified aerosol types indicated that sulphate occupies a predominant portion of the atmosphere in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula in the summer. In particular, the annual averages of the summer TOA SWARF increased in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula from 2001 to 2010.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.403-417
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• 2014

Future changes in seasonal mean temperature and precipitation over East Asia under anthropogenic global warming are investigated by comparing the historical run for 1979~2005 and the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 run for 2006~2100 with 20 coupled models which participated in the phase five of Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5). Although an increase in future temperature over the East Asian monsoon region has been commonly accepted, the prediction of future precipitation under global warming still has considerable uncertainties with a large inter-model spread. Thus, we select best five models, based on the evaluation of models' performance in present climate for boreal summer and winter seasons, to reduce uncertainties in future projection. Overall, the CMIP5 models better simulate climatological temperature and precipitation over East Asia than the phase 3 of CMIP and the five best models' multi-model ensemble (B5MME) has better performance than all 20 models' multi-model ensemble (MME). Under anthropogenic global warming, significant increases are expected in both temperature and land-ocean thermal contrast over the entire East Asia region during both seasons for near and long term future. The contrast of future precipitation in winter between land and ocean will decrease over East Asia whereas that in summer particularly over the Korean Peninsula, associated with the Changma, will increase. Taking into account model validation and uncertainty estimation, this study has made an effort on providing a more reliable range of future change for temperature and precipitation particularly over the Korean Peninsula than previous studies.