• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.93-99
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• 2007

Vertical distribution of tiger worm(Eisenia fetida) population in the earthworm rearing bed was investigated with feeding paper mill sludge. More than 50% of larva and adult population of Eisenia fetida lived within the depth of 5 cm from the surface of rearing bed. And more than 96% of the population of larva, adult and cocoon lived within the depth of 20 cm. Percental vertical distribution of Eisenia fetida population in the rearing bed was not much influenced by the changes in the height of rearing bed or density of earthworm population.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.112-118
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• 2004

Laying hens' excrement from eating food wastes was mixed with paper mill sludge, aged for 21 days and then provided to the juvenile earthworms(Eisenia fetida) for 10 weeks. Biomass of earthworm population decreased by 5.7% of initially introduced population. Very few juvenile earthworms developed into the clitellates and clitellated earthworms could not produce cocoons at all, which was supposed to be caused by inhibition effects of salts in laying hens' excrement upon the sexual development of Eisenia fetida. But there was no significant effect on the survivorship of earthworm population.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.46-54
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• 2015

Toxicity and uptake of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in three different soils (OECD soil, natural soil and loess) to earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were investigated at several different spiked concentrations of TNT (0 to 200 mg/kg for OECD and natural soils, and 0 to 35 mg/kg for loess) and for different exposure periods (7, 14, 21, and 28 d). The LC₅₀ values for 7 d exposure were 160.1, 159.4, and 28.81 mg/kg for OECD soil, natural soil, and loess, respectively. The LC₅₀ values for 14, 21, and 28 d exposure were almost the same as those for 7 d exposure, showing that 7 d exposure time was enough to decide the toxicity (LC₅₀) of TNT to Eisenia fetida, because the highest concentration of TNT in earthworm body was observed within around 5 d. The LC₅₀ and uptake of TNT in loess were higher than those in OECD and natural soil. The uptake of TNT to the earthworm were correlated well with the initial concentration of TNT in the soil and TNT porewater concentration (R²> 0.9 in OECD, natural, and loess). The concentration of TNT in earthworm body decreased after 5 d, possibly caused by natural degradation of TNT by soil bacteria as well as earthworm.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.289-294
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• 2005

The toxic effects of 12 commercially available insecticides on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Savigny), were evaluated using artificial soil, surface sprayed soil, immersion, and contact filter tests. The risk to earthworm was assessed by the TER (toxic exposure ratio) value, which was calculated by the formula, TER=NOEC/PEC (predicted environmental concentration). TER was 3 for methomyl SL, 20 for carbaryl WP, 20 for phosphamidon SL, 30 for imidacloprid WP, and 60 for dichlorvos EC the in artificial soil test. At recommended, the earthworm mortality to methomyl SL reached 50% in the surface sprayed soil test, 72% in the immersion test, 30% in the contact filter paper test, whereas that to imidacloprid WP reached 56, 32, and 100 respectively. As a result of the four methods, methomyl SL and imidacloprid WP would be toxic insecticides to earthworm.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 2011

Ecotoxicological effects of synthetic detergents such as laundry detergent and $Shampoo^{(R)}$ on cocoon productivity, hatchability, number of hatched individuals per cocoon and growth of next generation of Eisenia fetida population were evaluated. Synthetic detergents mixed with earthworm feed increased the cocoon productivity, number of hatched individuals per cocoon and growth of next generation of Eisenia fetida population, but there was no effect on hatchability. From those results, it could be concluded that synthetic detergents that might be present in the sewage sludge would not cause ecotoxicological effect on Eisenia fetida population.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.66-78
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• 2003

The effects of several factors such as heavy metals, living microorganims, high molecular conglomerator in sewage sludge were analysed. And the effects of the sewage sludges which were mixed with other organic waste such as paper mill sludge or night soil sludge upon the feeding rate and biomass of earthworm population were also estimated. The earthworm populations could not survive when newly produced sewage sludges were fed without any pretreatment. The contents of heavy metals were under the levels that could inhibit earthworm's growth. The living microorganisms and the high molecular conglomerator in the sewage sludge had no relations with ecotoxicological effects of sewage sludge upon the earthworm population. Sewage sludge which had been mixed with paper mill sludge and aged for more than 21 days showed no ecotoxicological effects on tiger worm(Eisenia fetida) population. And the feeding rate of earthworm population and the turnover rate of earthworm biomass were higher in those sewage sludges than in the sewage sludges pretreated by other ways.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.280-284
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• 2006

The toxic effects of 14 commercially available fungicides on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Savigny), were evaluated using surface sprayed soil, immersion and contact filter tests. At recommended dose, the earthworm mortality is 4% on mancozeb, carbendazim, propineb and captan in the surface sprayed soil test, 4% on mancozeb, 6% on propineb and 10% on captan in the immersion test, and no effect on all used chemicals in contact filter test.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 2016

Concentrations of Chromium(Cr) and Manganese(Mn) in several kinds of dewatered organic sewage sludges generated from wastewater treatment plants of Pocheon City, Gyeongii Province were examined. In addition, bioaccumulations of Cr and Mn in the body of earthworm Eisenia fetida were also investigated by changing of feed sludge amounts. Cr and Mn concentrations in sludges were in the range of 0.0~0.3 mg/kg and 3.6~17.6 mg/kg, respectively, which would not cause acute toxicities to earthworm population. Cr was bioaccumulated in the earthworm body but bioaccumulation was not proportional to the amount of sludges supplied. The degree of bioaccumulation of Cr decreased in later phase as the supplied amounts of sludges increased. Meanwhile, there were rare bioaccumulation with regard to Mn. In this study, the value ranges of bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for Mn were 0.00~0.12 when 60g of sludges was supplied. In the case of Cr, the value of BAF was 19.33 when 60g of human manure sludge was provided.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.392-395
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• 2006

The toxic effects of 9 commercially available herbicides on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Savigny) were evaluated with recommended dose, 2-fold and 4-fold dose using soil surface spray, immersion and contact filter tests in order to find out whether herbicides actually influence the life of earthworm in the soil or not. In the surface sprayed soil test, the earthworm mortality to nine herbicides were not significantly different from the comparison with the control regardless of level of dose. In the immersion test, the mortality of 4-fold dose was 34% in the napropamide and 64% in the alachlor. In contact filter test, the mortality appeared 80% in alachlor, 37% in napropamide, and 10% in triclopyr at 2-fold dose level and those of 4-fold dose were as follows: napropamide 96%, alachlor 80%, glyphosate 47%, triclopyr 37%, paraquatdichloride 37%; glufosinate ammonium 33%, pyributicarb 10%. As a result of these tests by three methods, the mortality of earthworm in terms of the recommended dose level was no observation about eight herbicides while the napropamide appeared 33% in contact filter test.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of Alum and Ferric chloride on the population of Eisenia fetida in vermicomposting of sewage sludge. Using contact filter toxicity test, it was shown that LC50 of Alum and Ferric chloride on adult Eisenia fetida were 457.4 mg $kg^{-1}$ and 1,665.2 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively,which meant Ferric chloride had much higher acute toxicity on earthworm than Alum. Alum didn't affect on cocoon production, hatchability and number of hatched larvae of Eisenia fetida. Ferric chloride didn't have any efects on number of hatched larvae per cocoon, but reduced cocoon production and hatchability. Larval density of next generation was reduced by the food containing Alum and Ferric chloride. Above results indicated that the Alum and Ferric chloride could be one of the hazardous materials that made extinction of earthworm population when the sewage sludge treated with Alum and Ferric chloride was supplied to the earthworms.